Podcast
Questions and Answers
What condition results from volume overload in both ventricles due to blood flow from left to right?
What condition results from volume overload in both ventricles due to blood flow from left to right?
- Ventricular septal defect (correct)
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Aortic stenosis
- Atrial septal defect
What symptom is NOT typically associated with heart failure caused by a VSD?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with heart failure caused by a VSD?
- Hypertension (correct)
- Orthopnea
- Weight gain
- Dyspnea
Which condition can result from an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance due to a VSD?
Which condition can result from an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance due to a VSD?
- Eisenmenger syndrome (correct)
- Mitral regurgitation
- Myocardial infarction
- Aortic insufficiency
What imaging technique should be utilized to visualize the interventricular septum in cases of suspected VSD?
What imaging technique should be utilized to visualize the interventricular septum in cases of suspected VSD?
Which of the following is an early symptom of asymptomatic young patients with a small shunt due to a VSD?
Which of the following is an early symptom of asymptomatic young patients with a small shunt due to a VSD?
What is a common symptom present in infants with endocardial cushion defects?
What is a common symptom present in infants with endocardial cushion defects?
What is the typical age range for the presentation of endocardial cushion defects?
What is the typical age range for the presentation of endocardial cushion defects?
Which associated condition is often linked with cleft mitral valve defects?
Which associated condition is often linked with cleft mitral valve defects?
What is the primary examination technique used to diagnose endocardial cushion defects?
What is the primary examination technique used to diagnose endocardial cushion defects?
What is a likely consequence if regurgitation due to cleft mitral valve defects is not addressed?
What is a likely consequence if regurgitation due to cleft mitral valve defects is not addressed?
What primarily causes a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
What primarily causes a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
Which type of VSD is most commonly associated with children who have Trisomy 21?
Which type of VSD is most commonly associated with children who have Trisomy 21?
What is the typical outcome for small to medium-sized VSDs as a child grows?
What is the typical outcome for small to medium-sized VSDs as a child grows?
Which VSD type is characterized by a defect bordered by the mitral valve and tricuspid valve?
Which VSD type is characterized by a defect bordered by the mitral valve and tricuspid valve?
How does the diameter of VSDs vary?
How does the diameter of VSDs vary?
What is a common manifestation in patients with multiple muscular septal VSDs?
What is a common manifestation in patients with multiple muscular septal VSDs?
Which statement about VSD nomenclature is true?
Which statement about VSD nomenclature is true?
What percentage of VSDs are typically classified as trabecular or muscular septal defects?
What percentage of VSDs are typically classified as trabecular or muscular septal defects?
What is the most common type of VSD?
What is the most common type of VSD?
Which type of VSD is strongly associated with aortic valve prolapse?
Which type of VSD is strongly associated with aortic valve prolapse?
What is the prevalence of outlet septal VSD in the general population?
What is the prevalence of outlet septal VSD in the general population?
Which characteristic is commonly associated with perimembranous VSDs?
Which characteristic is commonly associated with perimembranous VSDs?
Which developmental issue can lead to malalignment septal VSD?
Which developmental issue can lead to malalignment septal VSD?
What is the consequence of a large VSD on heart function?
What is the consequence of a large VSD on heart function?
Which condition is an example of an abnormality related to malalignment septal VSD?
Which condition is an example of an abnormality related to malalignment septal VSD?
Which part of the heart is typically affected by outlet septal VSD?
Which part of the heart is typically affected by outlet septal VSD?
What is primarily indicated by a left-to-right shunt in the context of VSD?
What is primarily indicated by a left-to-right shunt in the context of VSD?
Which factor is NOT evaluated in assessing a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
Which factor is NOT evaluated in assessing a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
What describes the endocardial cushion defect?
What describes the endocardial cushion defect?
What complication is associated with Eisenmenger's syndrome due to VSD?
What complication is associated with Eisenmenger's syndrome due to VSD?
In assessing a VSD, what is the purpose of calculating the Qp/Qs shunt ratio?
In assessing a VSD, what is the purpose of calculating the Qp/Qs shunt ratio?
What is a common consequence of prolonged left-to-right shunting in VSD?
What is a common consequence of prolonged left-to-right shunting in VSD?
Which clinical feature is least likely to be associated with a significant VSD?
Which clinical feature is least likely to be associated with a significant VSD?
What is the role of documenting the location and size of a VSD?
What is the role of documenting the location and size of a VSD?
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Study Notes
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- A VSD is a hole in the septum between the left and right ventricles.
- It allows blood to shunt across the interventricular septum.
- Blood flow is typically from left to right due to higher left ventricular pressure.
- This results in volume overload in both ventricles.
VSD Types
- Inlet septal VSD: located near the mitral and tricuspid valves, often associated with atrioventricular septal defects.
- Outlet septal VSD: located near the aortic and pulmonic valves, associated with aortic valve prolapse and regurgitation.
- Trabecular or muscular septal VSD: located in the thicker, muscular portion of the septum.
- Membranous septal or perimembranous septal VSD: located in the thinner, flexible portion of the septum, most common type.
- Malalignment septal VSD: occurs when the two portions of the interventricular septum fail to align properly, often associated with other heart defects like Tetralogy of Fallot and Truncus Arteriosus.
VSD Complications
- Pulmonary hypertension: increased pulmonary vascular resistance due to increased blood flow, can lead to Eisenmenger syndrome.
- Eisenmenger syndrome: right-to-left shunt, leading to systemic cyanosis, clubbing, tricuspid regurgitation, and pulmonic insufficiency.
VSD Diagnosis
- Echocardiogram: shows an echo-free space along the interventricular septum with turbulent blood flow.
- Documentation: location, size, velocity, and direction of the shunt.
- Calculation: Qp/Qs shunt ratio.
- Evaluation: left ventricle volume overload, pulmonary hypertension, aortic valve prolapse, aortic insufficiency.
Endocardial Cushion Defect
- A combination of congenital heart anomalies that create a "butterfly" appearance.
- Causes a hole in the center of the heart where the upper chambers meet the lower chambers.
- Leads to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Often associated with Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome).
Cleft Mitral Valve
- A slit-like hole or division in the mitral valve leaflets, mostly affecting the anterior leaflet.
- Can cause mitral regurgitation.
- Often requires surgical repair.
- Associated with Atrial Septal Defect (Primum).
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