विश्व का इतिहास एक नजर में

Prehistory

• Refers to the period of human history before written records
• Dates back to the emergence of humans in Africa around 300,000 BCE
• Characterized by the development of stone tools, language, and social organization

Ancient Civilizations

• Mesopotamia (Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians): 3500 BCE - 539 CE
  • Inventions: wheel, writing (cuneiform), cities
  • Achievements: law codes (Code of Hammurabi), astronomy, mathematics
• Ancient Egypt: 3100 BCE - 30 BCE
  • Pharaonic period: pyramids, mummification, hieroglyphics
  • Achievements: papyrus, medicine, architecture
• Ancient Greece: 8th century BCE - 146 CE
  • City-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth
  • Achievements: democracy, philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle), theater, Olympics
• Ancient Rome: 8th century BCE - 476 CE
  • Republic: 509 BCE - 27 BCE
  • Empire: 27 BCE - 476 CE
  • Achievements: law, architecture, engineering, governance

Middle Ages

• Period of European history from 5th to 15th century
• Characterized by feudalism, kingdoms, and the rise of Christianity
• Events:
  • Fall of the Roman Empire (476 CE)
  • Crusades (1095-1291)
  • Black Death (1346-1353)

Early Modern Period

• Period of European history from 15th to 18th century
• Characterized by the Renaissance, Enlightenment, and colonialism
• Events:
  • Age of Exploration (15th-17th century)
  • Protestant Reformation (1517-1648)
  • Scientific Revolution (16th-17th century)

Modern Period

• Period of global history from 18th century to present
• Characterized by industrialization, nationalism, and globalization
• Events:
  • Industrial Revolution (18th-19th century)
  • World War I (1914-1918)
  • World War II (1939-1945)
  • Cold War (1945-1991)

Historical Themes

• Political: empires, nation-states, revolutions, governance
• Social: family, community, class, gender, race
• Economic: trade, commerce, industry, imperialism
• Cultural: art, literature, science, philosophy, religion