Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary factor that determines microvascular permeability?
What is the primary factor that determines microvascular permeability?
- Barrier properties of the endothelium (correct)
- Blood vessel diameter
- Blood pressure
- Endothelial cell function
Which of the following agents is NOT a pro-inflammatory mediator that increases microvascular permeability?
Which of the following agents is NOT a pro-inflammatory mediator that increases microvascular permeability?
- Vascular endothelial growth factor
- Platelet-activating factor
- Histamine
- Nitric oxide (correct)
What is the primary function of quiescent endothelial cells in the vascular wall?
What is the primary function of quiescent endothelial cells in the vascular wall?
- To provide a barrier to solutes and regulate nutrient transport (correct)
- To regulate blood vessel diameter
- To promote angiogenesis
- To secrete pro-inflammatory mediators
What is the term for the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones?
What is the term for the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones?
Which of the following is a key regulator of vascular barrier function and inflammation?
Which of the following is a key regulator of vascular barrier function and inflammation?
What is the primary function of the endothelial cell barrier in capillaries?
What is the primary function of the endothelial cell barrier in capillaries?
What is the process by which endothelial cells form new blood vessels in response to tissue injury or increased oxygen demand?
What is the process by which endothelial cells form new blood vessels in response to tissue injury or increased oxygen demand?
What is the primary role of nitric oxide in endothelial function?
What is the primary role of nitric oxide in endothelial function?
What is the mechanism by which endothelial cells regulate the movement of substances and leukocytes across the endothelial barrier?
What is the mechanism by which endothelial cells regulate the movement of substances and leukocytes across the endothelial barrier?
What is the enzyme responsible for producing nitric oxide in endothelial cells?
What is the enzyme responsible for producing nitric oxide in endothelial cells?
What is the primary function of SERCA in the context of myosin light chain dephosphorylation?
What is the primary function of SERCA in the context of myosin light chain dephosphorylation?
What is the result of endothelial NO production in resistance vessels?
What is the result of endothelial NO production in resistance vessels?
What is the role of p27kip1 in the context of Rho/ROCK signaling in arteriosclerosis?
What is the role of p27kip1 in the context of Rho/ROCK signaling in arteriosclerosis?
What is the endothelium responsible for lining in the body?
What is the endothelium responsible for lining in the body?
What is the approximate mass of the endothelium in an adult human body?
What is the approximate mass of the endothelium in an adult human body?
What is the primary mechanism of neovessel formation in response to ischemic tissues?
What is the primary mechanism of neovessel formation in response to ischemic tissues?
What is the main consequence of diminished angiogenesis in diabetic patients?
What is the main consequence of diminished angiogenesis in diabetic patients?
Which of the following signaling pathways is involved in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis?
Which of the following signaling pathways is involved in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis?
What is the effect of VEGF-A on vascular permeability?
What is the effect of VEGF-A on vascular permeability?
What is the primary function of endothelial cells in response to ischemic tissues?
What is the primary function of endothelial cells in response to ischemic tissues?
What is the primary cause of death in developed countries?
What is the primary cause of death in developed countries?
What is the main function of blood vessels in the body?
What is the main function of blood vessels in the body?
What is the role of vascular endothelial cells in the vascular wall?
What is the role of vascular endothelial cells in the vascular wall?
What is the significance of understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of blood vessel function?
What is the significance of understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of blood vessel function?
What is the importance of vascular health?
What is the importance of vascular health?
Flashcards
Microvascular Permeability
Microvascular Permeability
The barrier between blood and tissues, regulated by endothelial cells.
Permeability Variations
Permeability Variations
The blood-brain barrier has the lowest permeability, while the liver's sinusoids have the highest permeability.
Agents that Increase Permeability
Agents that Increase Permeability
Substances like bradykinin, histamine, and VEGF increase the permeability of post-capillary venules.
eNOS Trafficking
eNOS Trafficking
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Endothelial Cells (ECs)
Endothelial Cells (ECs)
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EC Functions
EC Functions
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EC Barrier
EC Barrier
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Nitric Oxide (NO)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
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Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis
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Angiogenesis Modalities
Angiogenesis Modalities
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Diabetic Foot and Angiogenesis
Diabetic Foot and Angiogenesis
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Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI)
Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI)
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VEGFs and Their Receptors
VEGFs and Their Receptors
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VEGF-A
VEGF-A
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Study Notes
Microvascular Permeability
- Microvascular permeability is determined by the barrier properties of the endothelium
- The lowest permeability is found in the brain (blood-brain barrier)
- The highest permeability is found in the liver (sinusoids)
Agents that Increase Microvascular Permeability
- Pro-inflammatory mediators, such as bradykinin, histamine, platelet-activating factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor
- These agents act on post-capillary venules and control permeability
eNOS Trafficking and Localized NO Signaling
- Regulates vascular barrier function and controls inflammation
- eNOS trafficking is essential for localized NO signaling and vascular barrier function
Endothelial Cells (ECs)
- Drive the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones
- EC functions can be broadly classified into two types of activities:
- Quiescent ECs line the vascular wall and provide a barrier to solutes, regulate nutrient transport, and maintain bloodstream homeostasis
- Proliferative/migratory ECs form new blood vessels (sprouting angiogenesis)
Vascular Endothelial Cells (ECs)
- Provide a selectively permeable barrier between the blood and tissues
- Substances and leukocytes in circulation move in and out in a regulated manner across the EC barrier
- Achieved by transcellular (transporter) and paracellular (cell-cell junctions, EC contraction) mechanisms
Nitric Oxide (NO)
- Is the central regulator of endothelial and vascular homeostasis
- Relaxes VSMCs and dilates blood vessels to control blood flow and blood pressure
- Prevents platelets from sticking to vessel walls (anti-coagulation)
- Regulates (suppresses) inflammation by controlling the expression of adhesion molecules
Angiogenesis
- Is a complex process driven by ECs
- Two modalities of neovessel formation:
- Sprouting angiogenesis (~75%): driven by local ECs
- Vasculogenesis (~25%): driven by endothelial progenitor cells from the bone marrow
Diabetic Foot and Angiogenesis
- Diabetic foot suffers impaired collateralization due to diminished angiogenesis and vasculogenesis
- Critical limb ischemia (CLI) occurs when blood flow to limbs is reduced or interrupted for a long period
- Leading cause of limb amputation (1 leg / 30 sec) with a poor prognosis (5-yr survival 32%)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) and Their Receptors
- Are key mediators of angiogenesis
- VEGFs and VEGFRs regulate both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis
- VEGF-A stimulates angiogenesis, strongly increases vascular permeability, and stimulates cell migration in endothelial and myeloid cells
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of endothelial cells, their role in forming blood vessel walls, and their selective permeability in regulating the movement of substances and leukocytes. Explore how quiescent EC monolayer facilitates the exchange between blood and tissues.
