Vascular Disease History and Symptoms

What is the characteristic feature of atherosclerosis in medium and large-sized arteries?

Which theory of atherogenesis is most widely accepted?

What are the probable causes of endothelial injury in atherosclerosis?

Which molecules are exhibited by endothelial cells in response to dysfunction, similar to those seen in acute inflammation?

What do tissue macrophages act as in the intima of the vessel wall in atherosclerosis?

What is the consequence of endothelial injury in atherosclerosis?

Which risk factor is associated with the development of atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and stroke?

What is associated with a decreased incidence of stroke and, to a lesser degree, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease?

What is the most common adverse effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?

What has yielded important reductions in coronary heart disease events in patients with diabetes mellitus?

What has been difficult to confirm in the prevention of macrovascular disease for patients with diabetes mellitus?

What is associated with a reduced incidence of coronary heart disease when consumed at 20 g/day or less in men?

What is associated with increases in total mortality, cancer mortality, and cardiovascular disease mortality?

What does convincing evidence exist that lowers the risk of subsequent coronary heart disease events and overall mortality?

What is the risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and stroke?

What is the result of the focal accumulation of serum lipoproteins within the intima of the vessel wall?

What is the consequence of progressive luminal narrowing, vascular remodeling, and compromised oxygen supply to the target organ?

What leads to the formation of a stable atherosclerotic plaque?

What may result in exposure of the thrombogenic contents of the core of the plaque to the circulating blood?

What is characteristic of stable plaques?

What is the leading cause of death in the developed world?

What consequence may result from inflammation dominating over repair mechanisms of smooth muscle cells?

What may occur due to organization of thrombus and incorporation within the plaque after a plaque rupture?

What is characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

What plays an important role in the predisposition to plaque rupture?

What age do most cases of atherosclerotic vascular disease become clinically apparent?

What is true about the symptoms of mild atherosclerosis?

Which of the following is a common manifestation of peripheral vascular disease?

What is a characteristic symptom of mesenteric angina?

What is a common symptom of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Which condition may present with symptoms of digital necrosis and myocardial infarction?

What is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and stroke?

Which parameter reflects systemic inflammation and adds to the predictive value of lipid parameters in determining the risk of first myocardial infarction?

What is associated with high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and is a risk factor for vascular disease?

What imaging technique is used to visualize arterial and venous vessels throughout the body, including the coronary arteries?

What imaging study can provide images of the thickness and acoustic density of the vessel wall?

What are the typical characteristics of angina pectoris?

What is the definition of INOCA (ischaemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease)?

What is the clinical manifestation of acute myocardial ischemia?

What is the consequence of pain not being relieved within 5-10 minutes after rest or nitroglycerin?

What are the associated symptoms of angina pectoris?

What is the typical duration of typical angina?

Which type of patient is coronary angiography indicated for?

What is the treatment of choice for acute angina episodes?

What is the active metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate?

What effect do beta-blockers have on myocardial oxygen demand?

Which medication can prevent angina for up to 40 minutes when taken prophylactically prior to physical activities?

What is the primary driver for symptomatic coronary thrombosis?

How do ACE inhibitors act in patients with CAD and impaired LV function?

Which medication acts via irreversible inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase-1?

Which subclass of calcium channel antagonists is very useful in the treatment of vasospastic angina?

Which medication block the platelet P2Y12 receptor?

What do nitrates induce in the coronary circulation?

Which medication is recommended for all patients with CAD in conjunction with diabetes and/or impaired LV function?

What is the recommended alternative to aspirin for patients with aspirin intolerance or a history of ischaemic stroke?

Which antithrombotic drug may be considered in specific high-risk situations of stenting?

What is regarded as being at very high risk for cardiovascular events and statin treatment must be considered, irrespective of LDLC levels?

For which patients should ACE inhibitors be considered for treatment?

What condition is associated with episodes of myocardial ischemia that last several minutes, often occur at rest, and are frequently worse in the morning?

What can provoke vasospasm by iv ergonovine during cardiac catheterization?

In the absence of significant atherosclerotic CAD, what are the mainstay of medical therapy for variant angina?

What should be avoided to prevent exacerbation of variant angina if unopposed alphareceptor-mediated vasoconstriction occurs?

What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia?

Which factor is significant in determining myocardial oxygen demand?

What is the characteristic feature of Stable Angina Pectoris?

What is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients with established CAD?

Which diagnostic test is helpful in evaluating the total ischemic burden and is recommended for patients with chest pain and suspected arrhythmias?

Which procedure can identify areas of reduced blood flow in the heart muscle and is often combined with stress for diagnostic purposes?

When should exercise stress testing be avoided as a diagnostic procedure for stable angina pectoris?

Which type of diagnostic test has inferior diagnostic performance compared with imaging tests and has limited power to rule-in or rule-out obstructive CAD?

What is important in assessing LV wall motion abnormalities and systolic function during stress testing?

Which imaging technique may be considered when echocardiography is inconclusive for patients with suspected CAD?

What role does B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) play in patients with established CAD?

Which marker can be used to prognosticate patients with established CAD?

Which term refers to myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary artery disease?

What is the characteristic duration of typical angina?

Which imaging technique may be considered when echocardiography is inconclusive for patients with suspected CAD?

What is the typical symptom associated with angina pectoris?

What are Heberden's descriptions of angina pectoris?

What is the result of progressive luminal narrowing, vascular remodeling, and compromised oxygen supply to the target organ?

What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia?

What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?

Which test is helpful in evaluating the total ischemic burden and recommended for patients with chest pain and suspected arrhythmias?

Which diagnostic test has inferior diagnostic performance compared with imaging tests and limited power to rule-in or rule-out obstructive CAD?

What is important in assessing LV wall motion abnormalities and systolic function during stress testing?

What biochemical test can be used to prognosticate patients with established CAD?

What factor reflects systemic inflammation and adds to the predictive value of lipid parameters in determining the risk of first myocardial infarction?

What is usually normal during an angina episode, but becomes abnormal in about 50% of patients with normal baseline ECG?

What imaging study will provide important information about cardiac function and anatomy?

Which test is not needed, and should not be used as a diagnostic procedure, when the pretest probability of stable angina pectoris is 90%?

What marker suggests LV failure and is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients with established CAD?

Which medication is considered the treatment of choice for acute angina episodes?

What is the active metabolite of Isosorbide Dinitrate?

Which medication prolongs exercise duration and offers sustained antianginal effects for 12 hours without significant nitrate tolerance or rebound phenomena?

What is the characteristic effect of nitrates in the coronary circulation?

Which medication has the potential to worsen heart failure in patients with left ventricular dysfunction?

What is the effect of beta-blockers on myocardial oxygen demand?

Which medication reduces mortality and re-infarction in post-myocardial infarction patients?

What is the recommended treatment for all patients with coronary artery disease in conjunction with diabetes and/or impaired left ventricular function?

Which medication block the platelet P2Y12 receptor?

Which antithrombotic drug may be considered in specific high-risk situations of stenting?

What is the recommended alternative to aspirin for patients with aspirin intolerance or a history of ischaemic stroke?

What medication is recommended following appropriate loading, in addition to aspirin, for 6 months following coronary stenting?

Which drug does not require metabolic activation?

Which drug should be considered for patients with a high risk of ischaemic events and without high bleeding risk?

What is the mainstay of medical therapy in the absence of significant atherosclerotic CAD?

For which condition should ACE inhibitors be considered for treatment?

Which type of patients are regarded as being at very high risk for cardiovascular events and must be considered for statin treatment, irrespective of LDLC levels?

(Variant) Angina Pectoris may occur due to exposure to which substances that promote vasoconstriction?

What is the typical duration of typical angina?

What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?

What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia?

What is regarded as being at very high risk for cardiovascular events and must be considered for statin treatment, irrespective of LDLC levels?

What is the risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and stroke?

What role does B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) play in patients with established CAD?

What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia?

In the context of myocardial ischemia, what factors affect myocardial oxygen demand?

What is the characteristic feature of Stable Angina Pectoris?

Which diagnostic test has limited power to rule-in or rule-out obstructive CAD?

What is the result of the focal accumulation of serum lipoproteins within the intima of the vessel wall?

What diagnostic test is recommended for patients with chest pain and suspected arrhythmias?

Which medication is recommended following appropriate loading, in addition to aspirin, for 6 months following coronary stenting?

What is the mainstay of medical therapy in the absence of significant atherosclerotic CAD?

What are the probable causes of endothelial injury in atherosclerosis?

What medication block the platelet P2Y12 receptor?

What is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients with established CAD?

For which condition should ACE inhibitors be considered for treatment?

Which diagnostic test is indicated for patients with stable angina who are clinically determined to be at high risk for future cardiac events?

Which medication remains the treatment of choice for acute angina episodes?

What is the active metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate?

Which subclass of calcium channel antagonists is very useful in the treatment of vasospastic angina?

Which drug requires a dosage schedule including a nitrate-free interval to prevent tolerance?

What is the mainstay of medical therapy in the absence of significant atherosclerotic CAD?

What medication can prevent angina for up to 40 minutes when taken prophylactically prior to physical activities?

Which medication can prolong exercise duration and offer sustained antianginal effects for 12 hours without significant nitrate tolerance or rebound phenomena?

Which drug may worsen heart failure in patients with left ventricular dysfunction?

What is the driver for symptomatic coronary thrombosis, forming the basis for the use of antiplatelet drugs?

What is the definition of INOCA (ischaemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease)?

What are Heberden's descriptions of angina pectoris?

What is the mainstay of medical therapy for variant angina in the absence of significant atherosclerotic coronary artery disease?

What is the recommended antithrombotic drug following appropriate loading, in addition to aspirin, for 6 months following coronary stenting?

Which medication is recommended as an alternative to aspirin in patients with aspirin intolerance and may be considered in preference to aspirin in peripheral artery disease or a history of ischemic stroke?

In what specific high-risk situations of stenting may Prasugrel or Ticagrelor be considered?

For long-term secondary prevention in patients with a high risk of ischemic events and without high bleeding risk, adding a second antithrombotic drug to aspirin is recommended. Which antithrombotic drug combination is recommended?

Which class of drugs should be managed with pharmacological and lifestyle intervention for patients with dyslipidemia?

What is the recommendation for statin treatment in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD)?

When should ACE inhibitors be considered for the treatment of patients with stable angina?

What treatment is no longer recommended in the treatment of chronic CAD as per the text?

What medication does not require metabolic activation for its action?

What characteristic feature is associated with episodes of myocardial ischemia in Variant (Prinzmetal’s) Angina Pectoris?