Varicose Veins and CVI Overview
45 Questions
7 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Age (correct)
  • Sedentary lifestyle

    • What is the primary causative factor for varicose veins?

  • Increased blood volume
  • Overactive thyroid gland
  • Trauma of valves in the vein (correct)
  • High cholesterol levels

    • Which symptom is commonly associated with Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)?

  • Rapid heartbeat
  • Numbness in fingers
  • Chest pain
  • Edema of the lower extremities (correct)

    • What does Virchow's Triad describe?

    <p>Factors promoting venous thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does poor circulation in CVI affect the body?

    <p>Impairs delivery of immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a conservative treatment for varicose veins?

    <p>Surgical ligation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a thrombus?

    <p>A blood clot attached to a vessel wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor would best represent venous stasis in Virchow's Triad?

    <p>Prolonged immobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of STEMI compared to other myocardial infarctions?

    <p>It results in full thickness infarction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is typically associated with myocardial infarctions?

    <p>Sudden severe crushing chest pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate medication is recommended upon suspicion of myocardial infarction?

    <p>Aspirin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings would help confirm a myocardial infarction diagnosis?

    <p>Elevated cardiac troponin levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is essential during post-myocardial infarction care?

    <p>Cardiac monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is commonly a clinical manifestation in women experiencing a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Back pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to medication, what is a recommended practice for patients after a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Gradual return to activities of daily living.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored to prevent complications like bradycardia after a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Stool softener usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?

    <p>Leg numbness and weakness during exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging techniques are used for diagnosing aneurysms?

    <p>CT, MRI, and angiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary causes of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Accumulation of lipids in arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?

    <p>Healthy diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation of a cerebral aneurysm?

    <p>Increased intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for obstructed blood flow in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Restore blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a fusiform aneurysm?

    <p>Circumferential dilation of a vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle change is recommended for reducing risk factors for atherosclerosis?

    <p>Exercise regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor contributing to Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?

    <p>Diabetes and smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about the clinical manifestations of aortic aneurysms is true?

    <p>They can be asymptomatic until rupture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic procedure measures the difference in blood pressure between the ankle and the arm?

    <p>Ankle-brachial index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cholesterol is considered 'good' and is beneficial for heart health?

    <p>High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical intervention is typically performed if an aneurysm has ruptured?

    <p>Surgical grafting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of acute pericarditis?

    <p>Decreased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates cardiac tamponade as a possible condition?

    <p>Beck's Triad: low BP, distention of jugular veins, muffled heart sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism can potentially cause infective endocarditis?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option for pericardial effusion?

    <p>Pericardiocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by an enlarged heart that cannot pump effectively?

    <p>Dilated cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of infective endocarditis, what does a positive blood culture indicate?

    <p>Infection caused by bacteria, fungi or parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of rheumatic fever?

    <p>Fever and joint pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for cardiomyopathies?

    <p>Slow the disease progression and improve quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic sign of orthostatic hypotension?

    <p>Decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure upon standing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment for orthostatic hypotension?

    <p>Taking stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from untreated aneurysms?

    <p>Aortic dissection or rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are primarily associated with hypertension?

    <p>Edema and headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is relevant for assessing hypertension?

    <p>ECG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as a 'silent disease'?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True aneurysms involve which layers of the arterial wall?

    <p>All three layers of the arterial wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lifestyle modifications is NOT recommended for managing hypertension?

    <p>Increasing caffeine consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Varicose Veins

    • Blood pools in veins, causing them to become distended, tortuous, and palpable
    • Caused by damaged valves and increased pressure due to gravity
    • Common in people who stand for long periods, wear restrictive garments, or cross their legs
    • Risk factors: age, female gender, family history, obesity, pregnancy, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), previous leg injury
    • Can progress to chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)

    Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)

    • Inadequate venous return over a long period
    • Venous hypertension, circulatory stasis, and tissue hypoxia cause skin ulcerations
    • Infection can occur due to poor circulation and impaired immune response
    • Symptoms: edema in the lower extremities, hyperpigmentation of the skin, slow circulation (capillary refill > 3 seconds)
    • Treatment: elevating legs, compression stockings, exercise, endovenous ablation, sclerotherapy, surgical ligation and stripping

    Thrombus Formation in Veins

    • Thrombus: a blood clot attached to a vessel wall
    • Embolism: a thrombus that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream
    • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): a blood clot that blocks veins, typically in the lower extremities
    • Virchow's Triad: the three factors that promote venous thrombosis: venous stasis, venous endothelial damage, hypercoagulability

    Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension

    • A decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure upon standing
    • Lack of normal blood pressure compensation in response to gravity
    • Can be acute or chronic
    • Signs and symptoms: dizziness, syncope, blurring or loss of vision
    • Treatment: changing positions slowly, compression stockings, fluid intake, avoiding alcohol, increasing salt intake, eating small meals, exercise

    Aneurysm

    • A local dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber
    • True aneurysms involve all three layers of the arterial wall
    • False aneurysms are extravascular hematomas that communicate with the intravascular space
    • Most common locations: thoracic or abdominal aorta, cerebrum
    • Can lead to dissection or rupture
    • Risk factors: genetics, smoking, diet, atherosclerosis, hypertension

    Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, & Treatment of Aneurysms

    • Clinical manifestations vary depending on location
    • Diagnosis: ultrasound, CT, MRI, angiography
    • Treatment:
      • If not ruptured: cessation of smoking, reduction of blood pressure and blood volume
      • If ruptured or still growing: surgical treatment

    Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis

    • Arteriosclerosis: thickening and hardening of a vessel wall
    • Atherosclerosis: a type of arteriosclerosis caused by lipid accumulation within the arterial wall, leading to plaque formation
    • Leading cause of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Cerebrovascular Disease
    • Risk factors: smoking, hypertension, diabetes, high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, autoimmunity
    • Clinical manifestations: inadequate tissue perfusion, ischemia, infarction
    • Diagnosis: history of risk factors, lipid panel, glucose reading, imaging
    • Treatment: stabilizing/reversing plaques with medication, restoring blood flow if obstructed, lifestyle modifications

    Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

    • Atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfuse the limbs, primarily the lower extremities
    • Narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the arms or legs
    • Risk factors: similar to atherosclerosis, with major links to diabetes and smoking
    • Clinical manifestations: leg numbness, weakness, pain when walking (claudication), no pulse or weak pulse in foot, shiny skin on legs, skin colour changes, slower toenail growth, coldness in the lower leg or foot, sores on toes, legs or feet that may lead to gangrene
    • Diagnosis: history and physical focusing on atherosclerotic disease, ankle-brachial index (ABI)
    • Treatment: similar to atherosclerosis, managing risk factors, medications, surgery

    Myocardial Infarctions (MI)

    • Infarction of the myocardium extending from the endocardium to the pericardium (full thickness)
    • Causes ST elevation on ECG
    • Clinical manifestations: sudden severe crushing chest pain radiating to the neck, jaw, shoulder, or left arm; back pain (more common in women), indigestion, nausea, vomiting, cool and clammy skin, increased HR and BP
    • Can result in cardiac arrest due to ischemia, left ventricular dysfunction, and electrical instability
    • Diagnosis: history and physical examination, ECG results, cardiac troponin elevations
    • Treatment: aspirin, pain relief (nitroglycerin and morphine), oxygen, positioning in high Fowler's, telemetry monitoring, antithrombotics and anticoagulation, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or thrombolytics if PCI is not available

    Post Myocardial Infarction Care

    • Cardiac monitoring
    • Bed rest with gradual return to activities of daily living (ADLs)
    • DVT prophylaxis
    • Stool softeners
    • Education: diet, caffeine intake, smoking cessation, exercise

    Disorders of the Heart Wall

    • Disorders of the pericardium: acute pericarditis, pericardial effusion
    • Disorders of the myocardium: cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive)
    • Disorders of the endocardium: infective endocarditis, valve dysfunctions (stenosis and regurgitation)
    • Other: heart failure (left-sided vs. right-sided), rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease

    Acute Pericarditis

    • Inflammation of the pericardium
    • Most often idiopathic, but can be caused by viral infections
    • Clinical manifestations: chest pain that worsens with respiratory movements or laying down, friction rub at the cardiac apex, ECG changes, new or worsening pericardial effusion
    • Diagnosis: CT, US, MRI
    • Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, aspiration of pericardial effusion if present

    Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac Tamponade

    • Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity
    • Usually idiopathic, but can be caused by infection; ultimately indicates an underlying disorder
    • Can lead to cardiac tamponade, a life-threatening condition where pressure on the heart prevents it from filling and pumping effectively
    • Beck's Triad: low BP, distended jugular veins, muffled or diminished heart sounds
    • Diagnosis: echocardiogram, CT
    • Treatment: pericardiocentesis, pain management, potential surgery

    Infective Endocarditis

    • Inflammation of the endocardium
    • Caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
    • Clinical manifestations: fever, new or changed cardiac murmur, petechial lesions, Osler nodes, Janeway lesions, weight loss, back pain, night sweats, heart failure
    • Diagnosis: positive blood cultures, echocardiogram, C-reactive protein (CRP)
    • Treatment: antibiotics

    Cardiomyopathies

    • Conditions that affect the heart muscle, preventing it from efficiently pumping blood
    • Progresses over time
    • Treatment can slow progression and improve quality of life

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Nursing 302 Alterations in Cardiovascular Function PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the causes, risk factors, and symptoms of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). It also delves into treatment options and the significance of thrombus formation in veins. Test your knowledge on the circulatory system and related conditions.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser