Valvular Heart Disease Quiz

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What are the common causes of cardiac valve stenosis and incompetence?

Cusp damage, Rheumatic heart disease, Floppy valve & Marfan syndrome, Infective endocarditis, Chordae, Papillary muscle, Valve ring, age

Define infective endocarditis.

Infection of valve with formation of thrombotic vegetations

What are some risk factors for infective endocarditis?

Valve damage, Bacteraemia, Dental, Catheterisation, iv drug abuse, Immunosuppression

Describe the composition of a vegetation.

Group D Streptococcus, gut commensals, skin Strep (Coxiella, fungi, Candida) Signup and view all the answers

Describe the principles of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infective endocarditis.

Treat Strep. infection with antibiotics, Prophylactic cover for invasive procedures eg dental work, Replace damaged valves, Clinical suspicion & signs, Imaging – especially echocardiography, Blood culture, Intravenous antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

Define the terms stenosis and incompetence.

Stenosis is the narrowing of the valve outlet caused by thickening of valve cusps, or increased rigidity or scarring. Incompetence, also known as insufficiency or regurgitation, is caused by incomplete seal when valves close, allowing blood to flow backwards. Signup and view all the answers

What are the common causes of cardiac valve stenosis and incompetence?

The common causes of cardiac valve stenosis and incompetence include congenital heart disease (such as bicuspid valve and atresia), cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic and dilated), acquired conditions (such as rheumatic fever, myocardial infarction, age-related, idiopathic aortic calcific stenosis), and endocarditis. Signup and view all the answers

What is infective endocarditis?

Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valves. Signup and view all the answers

What are some risk factors for infective endocarditis?

Some risk factors for infective endocarditis include having a prosthetic heart valve, a history of previous endocarditis, congenital heart disease, intravenous drug use, and certain dental procedures. Signup and view all the answers

What are the principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infective endocarditis?

The principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infective endocarditis include clinical evaluation, blood tests, echocardiography, antibiotic therapy, and preventive measures such as prophylactic antibiotics for high-risk individuals undergoing certain dental or medical procedures. Signup and view all the answers

Which artery determines the coronary dominance in approximately 80% of people?

Right Coronary artery (RCA) Signup and view all the answers

What are the branches of the Left Coronary artery?

Anterior Interventricular (LAD), Circumflex artery, Left Marginal (Obtuse) Branch Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Sinu-atrial node (SA node)?

Generate electrical impulses without external stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Describe the origin, course and distribution of the coronary arteries.

The coronary arteries originate from the base of the aorta and encircle the heart. They supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the importance of the anastomoses between the coronary arteries.

Anastomoses between the coronary arteries provide alternative routes for blood flow in case of blockage or occlusion, ensuring a continuous supply of oxygenated blood to the myocardium. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomical position of the conducting system of the heart and how it controls heart rate.

The conducting system of the heart is located within the myocardium. It consists of specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate and transmit electrical impulses, regulating the heart rate and coordinating its contractions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the cardiac conduction system?

SA and AV nodes, AV Bundle of His, Bundle branches, Purkinje fibres Signup and view all the answers

How is the right bundle branch located in the heart?

It descends on the right side of the membranous part of the IV septum and enters the septomarginal trabecula to reach the base of the anterior papillary muscle. Signup and view all the answers

Where does the left bundle branch descend in the heart?

It descends on the left side of the membranous part of the IV septum and splits into Purkinje fibres. Signup and view all the answers

What are the nerve supply to the heart and their functions?

Presynaptic sympathetic fibers increase heart rate and force of contraction, dilate coronary arteries. Parasympathetic fibers decrease heart rate, constrict coronary arteries. Signup and view all the answers

What is the embryological cause of atrial septal defect (ASD)?

ASD is caused by failure of proper development of septum secundum or failure of closure of ostium primum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the embryological cause of ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

VSD is caused by a defect either in membranous (more common) or muscular portion of IV septum or failure of fusion of membranous or muscular portions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the embryological cause of Tetralogy of Fallot?

Tetralogy of Fallot is caused by unequal division of conus cordis with resultant anterior displacement (malalignment) of the aorticopulmonary septum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the embryological cause of transposition of the great vessels?

Transposition of the great vessels is caused by failure of the aorticopulmonary (conotruncal) septum to spiral. Signup and view all the answers

What is the embryological cause of coarctation of the aorta?

Coarctation of the aorta has no clear cause, but it is associated with contraction of ductus arteriosus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the embryological cause of the extension between pulmonary trunk and aorta?

The extension between pulmonary trunk and aorta is due to the full development of the conotruncal septum. Signup and view all the answers

What are some possible causes of the development of the extension between pulmonary trunk and aorta?

The development of the extension between pulmonary trunk and aorta can be influenced by chromosomal abnormalities, prematurity, low birth weight, prostaglandins, high altitude and low atmospheric oxygen tension, and hypoxia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the IA septum?

The IA septum is formed by septum primum and septum secundum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of excessive resorption of septum primum?

Excessive resorption of septum primum can cause the absence of the septum secundum. Signup and view all the answers

What are some congenital conditions associated with the embryological development of the heart?

Some congenital conditions associated with embryological development of the heart include atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, and coarctation of the aorta. Signup and view all the answers