60 Questions
Which term describes the narrowing of the valve outlet caused by thickening of valve cusps, or increased rigidity or scarring?
Stenosis
Which term describes the incomplete seal when valves close, allowing blood to flow backwards?
Incompetence
Which term is used to describe the narrowing of the aortic valve?
Aortic stenosis
Which term is used to describe the incomplete closure of the aortic valve, allowing blood to flow backwards?
Aortic incompetence
Which condition involves the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, allowing blood to flow backwards?
Mitral incompetence
Which condition involves the narrowing of the mitral valve?
Mitral stenosis
Which condition involves the incomplete closure of the tricuspid valve, allowing blood to flow backwards?
Tricuspid incompetence
Which condition involves the narrowing of the tricuspid valve?
Tricuspid stenosis
Which condition involves the incomplete closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves during systole?
Mitral incompetence
Which condition involves the incomplete closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves during diastole?
Aortic incompetence
Which of the following is a risk factor for infective endocarditis?
Valve damage
What is the most common cause of mitral incompetence?
Rheumatic heart disease
What is the definition of infective endocarditis?
Infection of the valve with formation of thrombotic vegetations
Which organisms are commonly involved in the composition of a vegetation?
All of the above
What are the local and systemic complications of infective endocarditis?
All of the above
Which type of endocarditis is characterized by aggressive disease and involvement of normal valves?
Acute Native Valve Endocarditis
What percentage of cases does prosthetic valve endocarditis account for?
20%
What is the most common valve involved in infective endocarditis in IV drug abusers?
Tricuspid valve
What are the principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infective endocarditis?
All of the above
What are the learning objectives related to infective endocarditis?
All of the above
Which of the following factors does NOT affect drug distribution?
Blood flow
Which organ has the highest relative organ perfusion?
Heart
Which plasma protein is the predominant binding protein for drugs?
Albumin
Which type of drugs bind non-specifically to albumin?
Lipid-soluble drugs
What does the ionised:unionised ratio of a drug depend on?
Degree of drug ionisation
Which type of drugs have low lipid solubility and will not diffuse across cell membranes?
Ionised drugs
Which type of capillary diffusion occurs in the brain?
Continuous
What is the blood brain barrier primarily composed of?
Physical barrier
Which characteristics of drugs may allow them to pass the blood brain barrier?
High lipid solubility
Can disease states affect the ability of drugs to pass through the blood brain barrier?
Yes
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect drug distribution in the body?
Sex
What is the theoretical volume required to account for the amount of drug in the body called?
Volume of distribution
Which model of drug distribution assumes rapid mixing of the drug in plasma and rapid equilibrium with drug in extravascular tissues?
Single compartment model
Which of the following is NOT a clinical relevance of the volume of distribution?
Height
What is the formula to calculate the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) of a drug?
Vd = A/C
Which of the following statements about the volume of distribution (Vd) is NOT true?
Vd is the blood plasma concentration of the drug
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence the elimination half-life of a drug?
Plasma steady state concentration
What does the elimination half-life (t1/2) of a drug directly depend on?
Volume of distribution (Vd)
What is the main point about the chemical properties of a drug and its distribution?
Chemical properties determine how a drug can distribute
What is the key factor for determining a drug's half-life?
Volume of distribution
Which of the following is NOT a cause of left and right ventricular failure?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Which of the following is a cause of left and right ventricular failure?
Cushing syndrome
Which of the following is a cause of left and right ventricular failure?
Trace elements
Which of the following is NOT a cause of left and right ventricular failure?
Connective tissue disease
Which term describes the failure of the heart to pump sufficient blood and deliver sufficient oxygen to satisfy metabolic demands?
Cardiac failure
Which term describes the differences between acute and chronic cardiac failure?
Cardiac failure
Which term describes the differences between systolic and diastolic cardiac failure?
Cardiac failure
Which term describes the differences between right and left ventricular failure?
Cardiac failure
Which of the following is NOT a cause of left ventricular failure?
Alcohol consumption
Which of the following is NOT a cause of right ventricular failure?
Hypertension
Which type of cardiac failure is characterized by reduced ventricular contraction?
Systolic failure
Which type of cardiac failure is characterized by the failure of the ventricular wall to relax?
Diastolic failure
Which of the following blood pressure readings is considered to be within the optimal range?
90/60 mm Hg
What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
Renal disease
Which of the following is an end-organ effect of systemic hypertension?
Slow changes in vessels and heart with chronic end-organ dysfunction
What is the most common cause of primary pulmonary hypertension?
Unknown cause
Which of the following is NOT a cause of right ventricular failure?
Primary pulmonary hypertension
Which of the following is a key feature of the clinical examination in patients with heart failure?
Peripheral edema
Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of right ventricular failure?
Pulmonary edema
Which of the following is a key effect of B-natriuretic protein (BNP) in heart failure?
Natriuresis
Test your knowledge on valvular heart disease and infective endocarditis in this quiz. Learn about the terms stenosis and incompetence, common causes of valve stenosis and incompetence, risk factors for infective endocarditis, composition of a vegetation, probable causative organisms, and local and systemic complications of infective endocarditis.
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