Valvular Heart Disease and Infective Endocarditis
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes the narrowing of the valve outlet caused by thickening of valve cusps, or increased rigidity or scarring?

  • Stenosis (correct)
  • Atresia
  • Incompetence
  • Regurgitation

    • Which term describes the incomplete seal when valves close, allowing blood to flow backwards?

  • Atresia
  • Incompetence (correct)
  • Stenosis
  • Regurgitation

    • Which term is used to describe the narrowing of the aortic valve?

  • Aortic stenosis (correct)
  • Aortic incompetence
  • Mitral stenosis
  • Mitral incompetence

    • Which term is used to describe the incomplete closure of the aortic valve, allowing blood to flow backwards?

    <p>Aortic incompetence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, allowing blood to flow backwards?

    <p>Mitral incompetence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the narrowing of the mitral valve?

    <p>Mitral stenosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the incomplete closure of the tricuspid valve, allowing blood to flow backwards?

    <p>Tricuspid incompetence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the narrowing of the tricuspid valve?

    <p>Tricuspid stenosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the incomplete closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves during systole?

    <p>Mitral incompetence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the incomplete closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves during diastole?

    <p>Aortic incompetence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for infective endocarditis?

    <p>Valve damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of mitral incompetence?

    <p>Rheumatic heart disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of infective endocarditis?

    <p>Infection of the valve with formation of thrombotic vegetations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are commonly involved in the composition of a vegetation?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the local and systemic complications of infective endocarditis?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endocarditis is characterized by aggressive disease and involvement of normal valves?

    <p>Acute Native Valve Endocarditis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases does prosthetic valve endocarditis account for?

    <p>20% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common valve involved in infective endocarditis in IV drug abusers?

    <p>Tricuspid valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infective endocarditis?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the learning objectives related to infective endocarditis?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect drug distribution?

    <p>Blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ has the highest relative organ perfusion?

    <p>Heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein is the predominant binding protein for drugs?

    <p>Albumin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs bind non-specifically to albumin?

    <p>Lipid-soluble drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ionised:unionised ratio of a drug depend on?

    <p>Degree of drug ionisation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs have low lipid solubility and will not diffuse across cell membranes?

    <p>Ionised drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of capillary diffusion occurs in the brain?

    <p>Continuous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood brain barrier primarily composed of?

    <p>Physical barrier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics of drugs may allow them to pass the blood brain barrier?

    <p>High lipid solubility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can disease states affect the ability of drugs to pass through the blood brain barrier?

    <p>Yes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect drug distribution in the body?

    <p>Sex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theoretical volume required to account for the amount of drug in the body called?

    <p>Volume of distribution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of drug distribution assumes rapid mixing of the drug in plasma and rapid equilibrium with drug in extravascular tissues?

    <p>Single compartment model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical relevance of the volume of distribution?

    <p>Height (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) of a drug?

    <p>Vd = A/C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the volume of distribution (Vd) is NOT true?

    <p>Vd is the blood plasma concentration of the drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence the elimination half-life of a drug?

    <p>Plasma steady state concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the elimination half-life (t1/2) of a drug directly depend on?

    <p>Volume of distribution (Vd) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point about the chemical properties of a drug and its distribution?

    <p>Chemical properties determine how a drug can distribute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor for determining a drug's half-life?

    <p>Volume of distribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of left and right ventricular failure?

    <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of left and right ventricular failure?

    <p>Cushing syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of left and right ventricular failure?

    <p>Trace elements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of left and right ventricular failure?

    <p>Connective tissue disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the failure of the heart to pump sufficient blood and deliver sufficient oxygen to satisfy metabolic demands?

    <p>Cardiac failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the differences between acute and chronic cardiac failure?

    <p>Cardiac failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the differences between systolic and diastolic cardiac failure?

    <p>Cardiac failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the differences between right and left ventricular failure?

    <p>Cardiac failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of left ventricular failure?

    <p>Alcohol consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of right ventricular failure?

    <p>Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cardiac failure is characterized by reduced ventricular contraction?

    <p>Systolic failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cardiac failure is characterized by the failure of the ventricular wall to relax?

    <p>Diastolic failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood pressure readings is considered to be within the optimal range?

    <p>90/60 mm Hg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?

    <p>Renal disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an end-organ effect of systemic hypertension?

    <p>Slow changes in vessels and heart with chronic end-organ dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of primary pulmonary hypertension?

    <p>Unknown cause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of right ventricular failure?

    <p>Primary pulmonary hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of the clinical examination in patients with heart failure?

    <p>Peripheral edema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of right ventricular failure?

    <p>Pulmonary edema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key effect of B-natriuretic protein (BNP) in heart failure?

    <p>Natriuresis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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