Valvular Heart Disease
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for infective endocarditis?

  • Valve damage (correct)
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Mitral incompetence

    • Which organism is NOT commonly associated with the composition of a vegetation in infective endocarditis?

  • Group D Streptococcus
  • Candida (correct)
  • Skin Strep
  • Gut commensals

    • What is the most common causative organism for acute native valve endocarditis?

  • Staphylococcus aureus (correct)
  • Alpha-haemolytic streptococci
  • Enterococci
  • Group B streptococci

    • Which type of endocarditis is characterized by indolent but potentially deteriorating disease?

    <p>Subacute native valve endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is more susceptible to early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis?

    <p>Mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis involve mechanical and bio-prosthetic valves?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is most commonly involved in infective endocarditis in IV drug abusers?

    <p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main principle of treatment for infective endocarditis?

    <p>Antibiotic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic imaging technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis?

    <p>Echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common route of entry for organisms causing infective endocarditis?

    <p>Bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the narrowing of the valve outlet caused by thickening of valve cusps, or increased rigidity or scarring?

    <p>Stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for incomplete seal when valves close, allowing blood to flow backwards?

    <p>Incompetence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of cardiac valve stenosis and incompetence?

    <p>Bicuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valves are associated with systole?

    <p>Mitral and tricuspid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valves are associated with diastole?

    <p>Aorta and pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of aortic stenosis?

    <p>Mitral stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of heart failure involves valve disease?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for infective endocarditis?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the composition of a vegetation in infective endocarditis?

    <p>Regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a probable causative organism of infective endocarditis?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of block can generate circus re-entry movements?

    <p>Unidirectional block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?

    <p>Short PR interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs blocks fast sodium channels?

    <p>Class Ia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs prolongs the duration of action potential repolarization?

    <p>Class III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs blocks Ca2+ channels?

    <p>Class IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs does NOT fit into the Vaughn-Williams Classification?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of impulses generated in circus re-entry movements?

    <p>High</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the grey area in the text?

    <p>Area of damage with no conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the early upstroke of the QRS complex in Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?

    <p>Delta wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a sinus impulse through a unidirectional block?

    <p>Sinus impulse extinguished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of event is responsible for the origin of dysrhythmias?

    <p>Circus re-entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with the AV node?

    <p>Junctional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dysrhythmia has the fastest inherent rate?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of event is responsible for changes in the heart cells?

    <p>Heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dysrhythmia is more serious?

    <p>Sustained ventricular arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with the origin at the sinoatrial node (SAN)?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of event is responsible for changes in the conduction of the impulse through the heart?

    <p>Ectopic pacemaker activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with the origin at the atrioventricular node (AVN)?

    <p>Supraventricular tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with ventricular origin?

    <p>Ectopic beats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with atrial origin?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of the phases of cardiac action potential?

    <p>Phase 0: rapid depolarization, Phase 1: partial repolarization, Phase 2: plateau, Phase 3: repolarization, Phase 4: stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of ectopic pacemakers?

    <p>Decreased K+ outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of second degree heart block type 2 (Mobitz type 2)?

    <p>There is progressive lengthening of the P-R interval until a P wave fails to produce a QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of third degree heart block?

    <p>The AV node is completely blocked and no electrical activity from the atria progresses to the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Wenckebach heart block?

    <p>There is progressive lengthening of the P-R interval until a P wave fails to produce a QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of heart block?

    <p>Damage to the conducting system due to ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary path for electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles?

    <p>AV node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon when an electrical impulse re-stimulates a region of the heart after its refractory period has passed?

    <p>Circus re-entry movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the AV node is only slightly affected and conduction is slowed, resulting in an abnormally long P-R interval?

    <p>First degree heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a subtype of second degree heart block?

    <p>2:1 or 3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

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