Valvular Heart Disease

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Which of the following is a risk factor for infective endocarditis?

Valve damage (correct)

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Pulmonary hypertension

Mitral incompetence

Which organism is NOT commonly associated with the composition of a vegetation in infective endocarditis?

Group D Streptococcus

Candida (correct)

Skin Strep

Gut commensals

What is the most common causative organism for acute native valve endocarditis?

Staphylococcus aureus (correct)

Alpha-haemolytic streptococci

Enterococci

Group B streptococci

Which type of endocarditis is characterized by indolent but potentially deteriorating disease?

Subacute native valve endocarditis Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is more susceptible to early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis?

Mitral valve Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis involve mechanical and bio-prosthetic valves?

10% Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is most commonly involved in infective endocarditis in IV drug abusers?

Tricuspid valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle of treatment for infective endocarditis?

Antibiotic therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic imaging technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis?

Echocardiography Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common route of entry for organisms causing infective endocarditis?

Bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the narrowing of the valve outlet caused by thickening of valve cusps, or increased rigidity or scarring?

Stenosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for incomplete seal when valves close, allowing blood to flow backwards?

Incompetence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of cardiac valve stenosis and incompetence?

Bicuspid valve Signup and view all the answers

Which valves are associated with systole?

Mitral and tricuspid Signup and view all the answers

Which valves are associated with diastole?

Aorta and pulmonary Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of aortic stenosis?

Mitral stenosis Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of heart failure involves valve disease?

10% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for infective endocarditis?

Myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the composition of a vegetation in infective endocarditis?

Regurgitation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a probable causative organism of infective endocarditis?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Signup and view all the answers

Which type of block can generate circus re-entry movements?

Unidirectional block Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?

Short PR interval Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs blocks fast sodium channels?

Class Ia Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs prolongs the duration of action potential repolarization?

Class III Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs blocks Ca2+ channels?

Class IV Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs does NOT fit into the Vaughn-Williams Classification?

Digoxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency of impulses generated in circus re-entry movements?

High Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the grey area in the text?

Area of damage with no conduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the early upstroke of the QRS complex in Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?

Delta wave Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of a sinus impulse through a unidirectional block?

Sinus impulse extinguished Signup and view all the answers

Which category of event is responsible for the origin of dysrhythmias?

Circus re-entry Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with the AV node?

Junctional Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dysrhythmia has the fastest inherent rate?

Atrial fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

Which category of event is responsible for changes in the heart cells?

Heart block Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dysrhythmia is more serious?

Sustained ventricular arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with the origin at the sinoatrial node (SAN)?

Atrial fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

Which category of event is responsible for changes in the conduction of the impulse through the heart?

Ectopic pacemaker activity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with the origin at the atrioventricular node (AVN)?

Supraventricular tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with ventricular origin?

Ectopic beats Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with atrial origin?

Atrial fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of the phases of cardiac action potential?

Phase 0: rapid depolarization, Phase 1: partial repolarization, Phase 2: plateau, Phase 3: repolarization, Phase 4: stable Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of ectopic pacemakers?

Decreased K+ outflow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of second degree heart block type 2 (Mobitz type 2)?

There is progressive lengthening of the P-R interval until a P wave fails to produce a QRS complex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of third degree heart block?

The AV node is completely blocked and no electrical activity from the atria progresses to the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Wenckebach heart block?

There is progressive lengthening of the P-R interval until a P wave fails to produce a QRS complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of heart block?

Damage to the conducting system due to ischemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary path for electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles?

AV node Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon when an electrical impulse re-stimulates a region of the heart after its refractory period has passed?

Circus re-entry movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition where the AV node is only slightly affected and conduction is slowed, resulting in an abnormally long P-R interval?

First degree heart block Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subtype of second degree heart block?

2:1 or 3:1 Signup and view all the answers

Valvular Heart Disease

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for infective endocarditis?

Which organism is NOT commonly associated with the composition of a vegetation in infective endocarditis?

What is the most common causative organism for acute native valve endocarditis?

Which type of endocarditis is characterized by indolent but potentially deteriorating disease?

Which valve is more susceptible to early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis?

What percentage of cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis involve mechanical and bio-prosthetic valves?

Which valve is most commonly involved in infective endocarditis in IV drug abusers?

What is the main principle of treatment for infective endocarditis?

Which diagnostic imaging technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis?

What is the most common route of entry for organisms causing infective endocarditis?

Which term describes the narrowing of the valve outlet caused by thickening of valve cusps, or increased rigidity or scarring?

What is the term for incomplete seal when valves close, allowing blood to flow backwards?

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of cardiac valve stenosis and incompetence?

Which valves are associated with systole?

Which valves are associated with diastole?

Which of the following is NOT a sign of aortic stenosis?

What percentage of heart failure involves valve disease?

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for infective endocarditis?

What is the term for the composition of a vegetation in infective endocarditis?

Which of the following is NOT a probable causative organism of infective endocarditis?

Which type of block can generate circus re-entry movements?

What is the main characteristic of Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs blocks fast sodium channels?

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs prolongs the duration of action potential repolarization?

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs blocks Ca2+ channels?

Which of the following drugs does NOT fit into the Vaughn-Williams Classification?

What is the frequency of impulses generated in circus re-entry movements?

What is the main characteristic of the grey area in the text?

What is the term for the early upstroke of the QRS complex in Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?

What is the term for the movement of a sinus impulse through a unidirectional block?

Which category of event is responsible for the origin of dysrhythmias?

Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with the AV node?

Which type of dysrhythmia has the fastest inherent rate?

Which category of event is responsible for changes in the heart cells?

Which type of dysrhythmia is more serious?

Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with the origin at the sinoatrial node (SAN)?

Which category of event is responsible for changes in the conduction of the impulse through the heart?

Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with the origin at the atrioventricular node (AVN)?

Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with ventricular origin?

Which type of dysrhythmia is associated with atrial origin?

Which of the following is the correct order of the phases of cardiac action potential?

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of ectopic pacemakers?

Which of the following is a characteristic of second degree heart block type 2 (Mobitz type 2)?

Which of the following is a characteristic of third degree heart block?

Which of the following is a characteristic of Wenckebach heart block?

What is the most likely cause of heart block?

What is the primary path for electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles?

What is the term for the phenomenon when an electrical impulse re-stimulates a region of the heart after its refractory period has passed?

What is the term for the condition where the AV node is only slightly affected and conduction is slowed, resulting in an abnormally long P-R interval?

Which of the following is NOT a subtype of second degree heart block?

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