Valence of Common Ions and Radicals

Valence of Common Ions and Radicals

• Ions are charged particles derived from atoms or molecules, classified based on their valence.

Monovalent or Univalent Ions

• Monovalent ions carry a single positive or negative charge, categorized as positive or negative ions.

Positive Ions

• Hydrogen (H+) acts as a fundamental cation in many biochemical processes.
• Lithium (Li+) is commonly used in battery technology and psychiatric treatment.
• Sodium (Na+) is crucial for maintaining fluid balance and nerve transmission.
• Potassium (K+) is vital for muscle function and cellular processes.
• Cuprous (Cu+ or Cu2+) is involved in various chemical reactions, with applications in catalysis.
• Aurous (Au+) represents the ionized form of gold used in electronics and jewelry.
• Silver (Ag+) has antimicrobial properties and is often used in medical applications.
• Ammonium (NH4+) plays a key role in nitrogen metabolism and fertilizers.
• Mercurous (Hg+ or Hg22+) relates to historical uses in medicine, though with toxicity concerns.

Negative Ions

• Fluoride (F-) is essential for dental health and strengthening tooth enamel.
• Chloride (Cl-) helps regulate osmotic pressure and is a component of stomach acid.
• Bromide (Br-) and iodide (I-) are important for thyroid function and hormonal regulation.
• Hypo-halite (XO-) to Per-halate (XO4-) encompasses various halide ions with differing oxidation states, used in disinfectants and oxidizing agents.
• Hypophosphite (H2PO2-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) are involved in biochemical processes, including buffering systems.
• Bisulfate (HSO4-) and bisulfite (HSO3-) are key players in industrial applications and food preservation.
• Metarsenite (AsO2-) and primary arsenate (H2AsO4-) pertain to arsenic chemistry, utilized in semiconductors and herbicides.
• Primary phosphite (H2PO3-) is involved in phosphorus chemistry and agriculture.
• Metaborate (BO2-) and metaluminate (AlO2-) relate to boron and aluminum chemistry, affecting materials science.
• Chromite (CrO2-) is significant in metallurgy and as an environmental contaminant.
• Nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) are involved in nitrogen cycles but raise environmental concerns regarding water pollution.
• Bismuthate (BiO3-) and permanganate (MnO4-) serve as oxidizing agents in various chemical reactions.
• Cyanide (CN-) and cyanate (CNO-) are toxic ions, crucial in industrial applications but requiring careful handling.
• Thiocyanate (SCN-) and argenticyanide (Ag(CN)2-) consist of complex ions used in various chemical processes.
• Acetate (CH3COO- or C2H3O2-) is a versatile ion widely studied in biochemistry and organic chemistry.
• Hydroxide (OH-) is central to acid-base chemistry and processes like saponification.