28 Questions
What is the primary goal of most vaccines?
To make a person immune to viruses or bacteria
What is the term for the process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through vaccination?
Immunization
What type of vaccine is the Oral polio vaccine?
Live, weakened or attenuated vaccine
What is the term for the concept where a significant portion of a population becomes immune to a disease, thereby reducing the spread of the disease?
Herd immunity
What is the purpose of a vaccine?
To produce immunity to a specific disease
What is an example of a killed, intact bacteria vaccine?
Typhoid vaccine
What is a characteristic of specific immunity?
Response is immediate and antigen-specific
What type of immunity is conferred upon an individual by transfer of antibodies or lymphocytes?
Passive Immunity
What is a characteristic of non-specific immunity?
Response is immediate and maximal
What is induced in an individual by infection or vaccination?
Active Immunity
What results from exposure to a specific antigen?
Immunologic memory is formed
What is a common issue with existing vaccines when new strains of viruses emerge?
They are ineffective
Why is surveillance necessary to detect circulating strains of viruses?
To detect circulating strains and develop appropriate effective vaccines
What is the purpose of deploying effective vaccines in 'mass immunization campaign' mode?
To deal with outbreaks
What has been a focus of recent developments in the field of vaccines?
Rapid development of vaccines for new conditions and epidemics/pandemics
What is an example of a vaccine developed for a new condition?
Meningococcal Africa Vaccine (MenAfriVac)
What was licensed by the EMA in October 2019?
Ebola vaccine
What is seroconversion typically defined as in subjects with no detectable antibody prior to vaccination?
Reaching a quantifiable antibody level post-vaccination
How is seroconversion commonly defined in subjects with quantifiable antibody prior to vaccination?
Reaching a predefined fold-increase from pre- to post-vaccination
What is herd immunity also known as?
Population immunity
What is the indirect protection from an infectious disease called?
Herd immunity
What happens when a population is immune through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection?
Herd immunity occurs
Which cells serve as the gateway to a full and robust immune response?
Dendritic cells, myeloid/macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells
What is the function of B cells?
To produce antibodies
What is antibody affinity?
The strength of the binding interaction between antigen and antibody
What is the function of adaptive immunity?
To protect a host organism from a pathogen or toxin
What is characterized by immunological memory?
Adaptive immunity
What is the percentage of circulating lymphocytes comprised of B cells?
30%
This quiz covers key definitions, types of vaccines, herd immunity, and the role of vaccines in pandemics and disease outbreaks. It also touches on recent trends and immunization systems in Ghana.
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