Vaccines and Vaccine Preventable Diseases

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What is the primary goal of most vaccines?

To treat a person who is already infected with a disease

To reduce the severity of a disease

To make a person immune to viruses or bacteria (correct)

To cure a disease that is already prevalent

What is the term for the process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through vaccination?

Immunization (correct)

Infection

Inoculation

Vaccination

What type of vaccine is the Oral polio vaccine?

Purified viral protein

Inactivated bacterial toxin

Live, weakened or attenuated vaccine (correct)

Killed, intact virus

What is the term for the concept where a significant portion of a population becomes immune to a disease, thereby reducing the spread of the disease?

Herd immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a vaccine?

To produce immunity to a specific disease Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a killed, intact bacteria vaccine?

Typhoid vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of specific immunity?

Response is immediate and antigen-specific Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is conferred upon an individual by transfer of antibodies or lymphocytes?

Passive Immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of non-specific immunity?

Response is immediate and maximal Signup and view all the answers

What is induced in an individual by infection or vaccination?

Active Immunity Signup and view all the answers

What results from exposure to a specific antigen?

Immunologic memory is formed Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue with existing vaccines when new strains of viruses emerge?

They are ineffective Signup and view all the answers

Why is surveillance necessary to detect circulating strains of viruses?

To detect circulating strains and develop appropriate effective vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of deploying effective vaccines in 'mass immunization campaign' mode?

To deal with outbreaks Signup and view all the answers

What has been a focus of recent developments in the field of vaccines?

Rapid development of vaccines for new conditions and epidemics/pandemics Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a vaccine developed for a new condition?

Meningococcal Africa Vaccine (MenAfriVac) Signup and view all the answers

What was licensed by the EMA in October 2019?

Ebola vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is seroconversion typically defined as in subjects with no detectable antibody prior to vaccination?

Reaching a quantifiable antibody level post-vaccination Signup and view all the answers

How is seroconversion commonly defined in subjects with quantifiable antibody prior to vaccination?

Reaching a predefined fold-increase from pre- to post-vaccination Signup and view all the answers

What is herd immunity also known as?

Population immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the indirect protection from an infectious disease called?

Herd immunity Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a population is immune through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection?

Herd immunity occurs Signup and view all the answers

Which cells serve as the gateway to a full and robust immune response?

Dendritic cells, myeloid/macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of B cells?

To produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is antibody affinity?

The strength of the binding interaction between antigen and antibody Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of adaptive immunity?

To protect a host organism from a pathogen or toxin Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by immunological memory?

Adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of circulating lymphocytes comprised of B cells?

30% Signup and view all the answers