60 Questions
Which of the following is a challenge associated with the development of subunit vaccines?
Expensive production process
What is the key technical challenge associated with mRNA vaccines?
Preventing degradation of mRNA
Which virus is used as a live-attenuated vaccine or a non-replicating viral vaccine in some viral vector-based vaccines?
Simian adenovirus
What is the main advantage of mRNA vaccines compared to other vaccine types?
Rapid adaptability and production
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of subunit vaccines?
Elicit a broad immune response
What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccination?
To improve immune response to vaccination
Which of the following is a general principle of vaccination?
Vaccines should stimulate an adaptive immune response.
What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccines?
To increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine.
Which type of vaccine works by generating a long-lasting, high-affinity IgG antibody response?
Live-attenuated vaccines
What is the main advantage of live vaccines?
They do not require repeated boosting.
Which vaccine is 95% effective at preventing chickenpox?
Varicella-Zoster vaccine
Why is the Varicella-Zoster vaccine not on the UK schedule at present?
Because VZV is a benign childhood infection.
Which of the following is the correct definition of immunisation?
An artificial process by which an individual is rendered immune through active immunisation
Which of the following is an example of passive immunisation?
Immunisation through passive vaccines
What did Edward Jenner use to protect against smallpox infection in 1796?
Fluid from cowpox lesions
Which of the following is true about passive vaccines?
They are obtained from hyper-immune donors
What is the purpose of adjuvants and vaccine conjugation in vaccination?
To improve responses to vaccination
What is the estimated reduction in mortality worldwide due to immunisation?
3 million/year
Which of the following is true about zoster vaccination?
It uses a different VZV preparation than the one used for primary disease.
Which type of polio vaccine is better suited for endemic areas?
Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV)
What is the mode of spread of enterovirus during polio infection?
Ingestion of contaminated food or water
What is the percentage of patients who develop the neurological phase of polio?
Less than 1%
What happens during the primary infection of tuberculosis?
MTB establishes infection in macrophages.
What is the effect of aging on zoster incidence?
Zoster incidence increases with age.
Which of the following is true about TB vaccination?
It stimulates B cells and CD8 T cells
Which of the following is a characteristic of killed vaccines?
They require boosters to maintain immunity
Which of the following is true about influenza vaccines?
They are grown in hens eggs
Subunit vaccines rely on which type of immune response for protection?
CD4 and antibody responses
Which of the following is true about adjuvants in subunit vaccines?
They bind to pattern-recognition receptors on antigen presenting cells
What is the purpose of vaccine conjugation in polysaccharide vaccines?
To improve opsonisation
Which term refers to the artificial process by which someone is rendered immune?
Passive immunisation
What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccines?
To improve the immunogenicity of vaccines
What is the main focus of this lecture on vaccines?
Strategies to improve immunogenicity
What is the percentage increase in the length of the lecture on vaccines compared to a few years ago?
50%
Which type of vaccine contains the whole intact organism, but may be live or inactivated?
Live attenuated vaccines
What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccination?
To boost the immune response
Which of the following diseases are difficult to prevent and clear through vaccination due to the limitations of our immune response?
Malaria and HIV
Which type of vaccine works by generating a long-lasting, high-affinity IgG antibody response?
Killed vaccines
Which of the following is true about live attenuated vaccines?
They are cultured in non physiological conditions
Which of the following is a disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?
They have a short shelf life
Which type of immune response can live attenuated vaccines achieve?
CD8 response
Which of the following is true about subunit vaccines?
They rely on MHC class one pathway for immune response
Which term is used interchangeably with vaccination?
Active immunisation
What is the main difference between vaccination and immunisation?
Vaccination is a passive immune response while immunisation includes both passive and active immune responses
What was the source of fluid used for variolation during ancient times?
Fluid harvested from smallpox pustules
What is the main advantage of passive immunisation?
It can provide immediate protection
Which of the following is true about the Sabin oral polio vaccine?
It is a live attenuated vaccine
What is the main advantage of the Salk polio vaccine compared to the Sabin vaccine?
It has a lower risk of paralytic polio
What is the golden focus in tuberculosis?
A calcified lesion in the lung
What is the purpose of the BCG vaccine?
To prevent disseminated TB and TB meningitis in children
Which of the following is true about the varicella zoster vaccine?
It induces the production of anti-VEGF antibodies
Which of the following is a concern associated with the varicella zoster vaccine?
It can lead to an increase in zoster in older adults
What is the purpose of the zoster vaccine in older adults?
To boost immune responses
What is the mode of spread of polio during infection?
Ingestion of contaminated food or water
Which of the following is the most common method used to kill organisms in vaccines?
Chemical methods
Which type of cells are stimulated by killed vaccines?
CD4 T cells
Which vaccines are mentioned as examples of killed vaccines in the text?
Hepatitis A and the standard influenza vaccine
Which type of influenza vaccine is licensed for children in the UK?
Live attenuated influenza vaccine
What is the main advantage of live vaccines compared to killed vaccines?
Higher efficacy
Which group of individuals can receive live vaccines?
Children
Test your knowledge on the factors contributing to the increase in incidence of zoster with age and declining immune responses. Explore the connection between zoster, immunity, and aging.
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