T1 L8: Vaccines and vaccine development (MTz)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a challenge associated with the development of subunit vaccines?

  • Weak immune responses without boosting
  • Limited efficacy against viral variants
  • Difficulty in culturing the virus
  • Expensive production process (correct)

    • What is the key technical challenge associated with mRNA vaccines?

  • Delivering the mRNA to host cells
  • Preventing degradation of mRNA (correct)
  • Modifying nucleosides
  • Generating the viral spike protein

    • Which virus is used as a live-attenuated vaccine or a non-replicating viral vaccine in some viral vector-based vaccines?

  • Simian adenovirus (correct)
  • Hepatitis B virus
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Human papilloma virus

    • What is the main advantage of mRNA vaccines compared to other vaccine types?

    <p>Rapid adaptability and production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of subunit vaccines?

    <p>Elicit a broad immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccination?

    <p>To improve immune response to vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a general principle of vaccination?

    <p>Vaccines should stimulate an adaptive immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccines?

    <p>To increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine works by generating a long-lasting, high-affinity IgG antibody response?

    <p>Live-attenuated vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of live vaccines?

    <p>They do not require repeated boosting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine is 95% effective at preventing chickenpox?

    <p>Varicella-Zoster vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Varicella-Zoster vaccine not on the UK schedule at present?

    <p>Because VZV is a benign childhood infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct definition of immunisation?

    <p>An artificial process by which an individual is rendered immune through active immunisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of passive immunisation?

    <p>Immunisation through passive vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Edward Jenner use to protect against smallpox infection in 1796?

    <p>Fluid from cowpox lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about passive vaccines?

    <p>They are obtained from hyper-immune donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adjuvants and vaccine conjugation in vaccination?

    <p>To improve responses to vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated reduction in mortality worldwide due to immunisation?

    <p>3 million/year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about zoster vaccination?

    <p>It uses a different VZV preparation than the one used for primary disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of polio vaccine is better suited for endemic areas?

    <p>Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of spread of enterovirus during polio infection?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated food or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of patients who develop the neurological phase of polio?

    <p>Less than 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the primary infection of tuberculosis?

    <p>MTB establishes infection in macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aging on zoster incidence?

    <p>Zoster incidence increases with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about TB vaccination?

    <p>It stimulates B cells and CD8 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of killed vaccines?

    <p>They require boosters to maintain immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about influenza vaccines?

    <p>They are grown in hens eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subunit vaccines rely on which type of immune response for protection?

    <p>CD4 and antibody responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about adjuvants in subunit vaccines?

    <p>They bind to pattern-recognition receptors on antigen presenting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vaccine conjugation in polysaccharide vaccines?

    <p>To improve opsonisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the artificial process by which someone is rendered immune?

    <p>Passive immunisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccines?

    <p>To improve the immunogenicity of vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of this lecture on vaccines?

    <p>Strategies to improve immunogenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage increase in the length of the lecture on vaccines compared to a few years ago?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine contains the whole intact organism, but may be live or inactivated?

    <p>Live attenuated vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccination?

    <p>To boost the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases are difficult to prevent and clear through vaccination due to the limitations of our immune response?

    <p>Malaria and HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine works by generating a long-lasting, high-affinity IgG antibody response?

    <p>Killed vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>They are cultured in non physiological conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>They have a short shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response can live attenuated vaccines achieve?

    <p>CD8 response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about subunit vaccines?

    <p>They rely on MHC class one pathway for immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used interchangeably with vaccination?

    <p>Active immunisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between vaccination and immunisation?

    <p>Vaccination is a passive immune response while immunisation includes both passive and active immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the source of fluid used for variolation during ancient times?

    <p>Fluid harvested from smallpox pustules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of passive immunisation?

    <p>It can provide immediate protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the Sabin oral polio vaccine?

    <p>It is a live attenuated vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the Salk polio vaccine compared to the Sabin vaccine?

    <p>It has a lower risk of paralytic polio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the golden focus in tuberculosis?

    <p>A calcified lesion in the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the BCG vaccine?

    <p>To prevent disseminated TB and TB meningitis in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the varicella zoster vaccine?

    <p>It induces the production of anti-VEGF antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a concern associated with the varicella zoster vaccine?

    <p>It can lead to an increase in zoster in older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the zoster vaccine in older adults?

    <p>To boost immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of spread of polio during infection?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated food or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common method used to kill organisms in vaccines?

    <p>Chemical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are stimulated by killed vaccines?

    <p>CD4 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccines are mentioned as examples of killed vaccines in the text?

    <p>Hepatitis A and the standard influenza vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of influenza vaccine is licensed for children in the UK?

    <p>Live attenuated influenza vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of live vaccines compared to killed vaccines?

    <p>Higher efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of individuals can receive live vaccines?

    <p>Children</p> Signup and view all the answers

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