13.2 Vaccines

The ability to resist infection due to previous exposure to the pathogen or its antigens.

Acquired through the transfer of antibodies, usually from mother to offspring or via serum injection.

Acquired through the body's own immune response to an antigen, typically via vaccination or natural infection.

A condition where the immune system is compromised and cannot mount an effective response to infection.

A substance that stimulates an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies.

A protein produced by the immune system in response to an antigen, binding to and neutralizing the antigen.

A weakened or inactivated form of a pathogen used to induce an immune response without causing disease.

An exaggerated immune response leading to harmful reactions.

Antibodies derived from animals immunized against a specific pathogen, used to provide temporary protection.

The process by which a pathogen is weakened or inactivated so it can be used as a vaccine without causing disease.

Type of vaccine containing whole, killed bacteria or viruses. Antigens are present, but pathogen can't replicate.

Type of vaccine using only specific parts of a pathogen, like a protein or toxin, to trigger immunity.

Type of vaccine using a weakened or inactive version of the pathogen to stimulate an immune response.

Type of vaccine using an inactive toxin (poison) produced by a pathogen to induce immunity.

Type of vaccine using a genetically engineered virus or bacteria to carry the pathogen's antigen, generating an immune response.

A type of vaccine where the pathogen's genes responsible for causing disease are removed or altered, making it safe while still triggering an immune response.

Vaccines made from killed or inactivated versions of pathogens that cannot cause disease. They retain their immunogenicity, meaning they can still stimulate an immune response.

Toxoids are inactivated toxins that are used in vaccines. They retain their immunogenicity and stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies.

Vaccines developed using recombinant DNA technology. Genes encoding immunogenic proteins are cloned and expressed in other cells, producing viral proteins that can be used as vaccines.

A type of vaccine that uses a plasmid containing the gene for an immunogenic protein, which is then injected into the animal. The DNA in the cell generates mRNA, leading to expression of the antigenic protein and triggering an immune response.

A type of vaccine designed to distinguish between animals that have been vaccinated and those that have been naturally infected. This is done by using an antigen that is only present in the vaccine and not in the wild-type pathogen.

A substance that enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen when it's combined with it. It helps to boost the immune response and improve the effectiveness of the vaccine.

A type of adjuvant that forms a depot of antigen in the body, allowing it to be released slowly and sustained. This slow release enhances the immune response.

A type of adjuvant where the carrier molecule binds to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), facilitating antigen uptake and presentation to lymphocytes.

A type of adjuvant that stimulates the immune system by mimicking pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). This triggers the activation of immune cells and enhances the immune response.

The process by which a pathogen is killed or inactivated, rendering it incapable of causing disease, but still retaining its antigens to trigger immunity.

A type of serum containing high concentrations of antibodies against a specific pathogen, prepared by immunizing animals with the pathogen and harvesting their antibodies.

A type of passive immunity where antibodies are transferred from a mother to her offspring through the placenta and later through breast milk, offering temporary protection to the newborn.

A type of vaccine that uses a killed or inactivated version of the pathogen.

The ability of a vaccine to provide long-term protection by inducing immunological memory.

A type of genetic engineering that modifies vaccines by either removing or changing genes associated with a pathogen's ability to cause disease. This approach focuses on weakening or completely removing the virulence factors, making the pathogen safer for use in a vaccine.

Vaccines made from highly purified antigens obtained from pathogens. These antigens stimulate an immune response without the need for the whole pathogen. Toxoids are an example of a subunit vaccine.

Bacterial polysaccharides are components of the outer layer of some bacteria and can inhibit phagocytosis, preventing the immune cells from engulfing and killing the pathogen. Antibodies against these polysaccharides can promote phagocytosis by marking the bacteria for destruction.

A type of vaccine that uses a plasmid containing the gene for an immunogenic protein. When injected into an animal, the DNA within the cell generates messenger RNA (mRNA), leading to the production of the antigenic protein and prompting an immune response.

A vaccine designed to differentiate between animals that have been vaccinated and those that have been naturally infected. This is achieved by using an antigen present only in the vaccine, but not in the wild-type pathogen.

A substance that enhances the immune response when combined with an antigen. Adjuvants act to stimulate the immune system, promoting stronger and more effective immunity against pathogens.

A method of adjuvant action where the antigen slowly releases into the body's tissues, creating a sustained immune response over a longer period.

An action of adjuvants where the carrier molecule binds to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), aiding in the uptake and presentation of the antigen to lymphocytes.

An adjuvant action where the adjuvant mimics pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), stimulating immune cells.

A type of vaccine that uses a virus or bacteria as a vector to carry the immunogenic protein into the body. The vector delivers the gene encoding the antigen, leading to the production of the antigen and the subsequent activation of an immune response.

A type of vaccine where the gene encoding the immunogenic protein is cloned and inserted into a vector, most commonly a viral vector. The recombinant virus then acts as a carrier for the antigen, inducing an immune response without causing disease.