Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a common route of administration for vaccines?
What is a common route of administration for vaccines?
Which of the following side effects of vaccination requires immediate reporting?
Which of the following side effects of vaccination requires immediate reporting?
What is a contraindication for receiving the MMR vaccine?
What is a contraindication for receiving the MMR vaccine?
At what age is the Varicella vaccine typically administered?
At what age is the Varicella vaccine typically administered?
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What should the nurse do when a parent refuses vaccination for their child?
What should the nurse do when a parent refuses vaccination for their child?
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What is the primary concern of the nurse when placing a child in a crib?
What is the primary concern of the nurse when placing a child in a crib?
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Why are doors to stairwells locked from the outside?
Why are doors to stairwells locked from the outside?
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What is the main purpose of therapeutic play?
What is the main purpose of therapeutic play?
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What is the importance of play time in a hospitalized child?
What is the importance of play time in a hospitalized child?
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Why is it important to repeat the family caregiver's statement regarding the child's chief complaint?
Why is it important to repeat the family caregiver's statement regarding the child's chief complaint?
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A 1-year-old patient is scheduled to receive the MMR vaccine. Their mother is very concerned about the use of porcine gelatin in the vaccine. What should the nurse do to address the mother's concerns?
A 1-year-old patient is scheduled to receive the MMR vaccine. Their mother is very concerned about the use of porcine gelatin in the vaccine. What should the nurse do to address the mother's concerns?
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A nurse is preparing to administer an ear drop medication to a 2-year-old child. What is the correct technique for pulling the earlobe?
A nurse is preparing to administer an ear drop medication to a 2-year-old child. What is the correct technique for pulling the earlobe?
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A mother brings her 6-month-old infant to the clinic for a routine checkup. The mother expresses concern about the child's frequent fevers. What should the nurse teach the mother about fever management in infants?
A mother brings her 6-month-old infant to the clinic for a routine checkup. The mother expresses concern about the child's frequent fevers. What should the nurse teach the mother about fever management in infants?
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A nurse is administering an intramuscular injection to a 1-year-old child. What is the preferred injection site for this age group?
A nurse is administering an intramuscular injection to a 1-year-old child. What is the preferred injection site for this age group?
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A nurse is assessing the vital signs of a 4-year-old child. What is the appropriate method for obtaining the child's pulse?
A nurse is assessing the vital signs of a 4-year-old child. What is the appropriate method for obtaining the child's pulse?
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What is the appropriate temperature range for axillary temperatures in children?
What is the appropriate temperature range for axillary temperatures in children?
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Which method is generally avoided for taking rectal temperatures in children?
Which method is generally avoided for taking rectal temperatures in children?
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Which pain assessment scale can be used for preschool children to identify pain?
Which pain assessment scale can be used for preschool children to identify pain?
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What should a nurse do when measuring head circumference in a child?
What should a nurse do when measuring head circumference in a child?
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What is a primary risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) related to sleep position?
What is a primary risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) related to sleep position?
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What is the primary reason why a dying child may appear to be unaware of cold, even though their skin feels cool?
What is the primary reason why a dying child may appear to be unaware of cold, even though their skin feels cool?
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Why is obtaining a sterile urine sample crucial for a child who is not toilet trained?
Why is obtaining a sterile urine sample crucial for a child who is not toilet trained?
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What is the most likely reason why children dehydrate much faster than adults?
What is the most likely reason why children dehydrate much faster than adults?
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In what way does the electrolyte balance in the body play a crucial role in overall health?
In what way does the electrolyte balance in the body play a crucial role in overall health?
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Which of the following scenarios would pose the highest risk of serious dehydration in a child?
Which of the following scenarios would pose the highest risk of serious dehydration in a child?
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What is an important consideration when communicating with a toddler during a healthcare encounter?
What is an important consideration when communicating with a toddler during a healthcare encounter?
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What is a recommended screening procedure for preschool-aged children?
What is a recommended screening procedure for preschool-aged children?
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What is an important aspect of health promotion for adolescent males and females?
What is an important aspect of health promotion for adolescent males and females?
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What is an important consideration when implementing a pediatric advanced directive?
What is an important consideration when implementing a pediatric advanced directive?
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What is an important aspect of nursing responsibilities when withdrawing life support?
What is an important aspect of nursing responsibilities when withdrawing life support?
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A nurse is caring for a child with a life-threatening condition. The child is experiencing significant pain due to chemotherapy. Which of the following nursing interventions would be least effective in relieving the child's pain?
A nurse is caring for a child with a life-threatening condition. The child is experiencing significant pain due to chemotherapy. Which of the following nursing interventions would be least effective in relieving the child's pain?
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A child experiencing separation anxiety during hospitalization is demonstrating which of the following characteristics?
A child experiencing separation anxiety during hospitalization is demonstrating which of the following characteristics?
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A nurse is caring for a dying child. Which of the following actions would be most appropriate to support the family during this time?
A nurse is caring for a dying child. Which of the following actions would be most appropriate to support the family during this time?
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A nurse is caring for a child receiving IV medications. Which of the following assessments should be prioritized to prevent potential complications?
A nurse is caring for a child receiving IV medications. Which of the following assessments should be prioritized to prevent potential complications?
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A nurse is caring for a child who is receiving IV fluids via a buretrol. Which of the following statements about the buretrol is true?
A nurse is caring for a child who is receiving IV fluids via a buretrol. Which of the following statements about the buretrol is true?
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A nurse is caring for a school-aged child who is hospitalized for a serious illness. The child's parents are concerned about their child's understanding of death. Which statement by the nurse accurately reflects the typical developmental understanding of death in a school-aged child?
A nurse is caring for a school-aged child who is hospitalized for a serious illness. The child's parents are concerned about their child's understanding of death. Which statement by the nurse accurately reflects the typical developmental understanding of death in a school-aged child?
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A nurse is caring for a 16-year-old adolescent who has been admitted to the hospital for a serious illness. The adolescent's parents are concerned about their child's emotional well-being. Which of the following statements is most likely to reflect the adolescent's understanding of death?
A nurse is caring for a 16-year-old adolescent who has been admitted to the hospital for a serious illness. The adolescent's parents are concerned about their child's emotional well-being. Which of the following statements is most likely to reflect the adolescent's understanding of death?
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A nurse is providing education to a family whose loved one is nearing the end of life. The family is concerned about communicating with their teenage son, who has been withdrawn and uncommunicative. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate for the nurse to suggest?
A nurse is providing education to a family whose loved one is nearing the end of life. The family is concerned about communicating with their teenage son, who has been withdrawn and uncommunicative. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate for the nurse to suggest?
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A nurse is caring for a toddler who has been hospitalized for a serious illness. The toddler's mother is concerned about her child's understanding of death. Which of the following statements is most likely to reflect the toddler's understanding of death?
A nurse is caring for a toddler who has been hospitalized for a serious illness. The toddler's mother is concerned about her child's understanding of death. Which of the following statements is most likely to reflect the toddler's understanding of death?
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A nurse is providing education to a family whose loved one is nearing the end of life. The family is concerned about the emotional well-being of their preschool-aged child. Which of the following statements by the nurse accurately reflects the developmental understanding of death in a preschool-aged child?
A nurse is providing education to a family whose loved one is nearing the end of life. The family is concerned about the emotional well-being of their preschool-aged child. Which of the following statements by the nurse accurately reflects the developmental understanding of death in a preschool-aged child?
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What is the primary reason why a dying child may appear to be unaware of cold, even though their skin feels cool?
What is the primary reason why a dying child may appear to be unaware of cold, even though their skin feels cool?
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How would the nurse obtain a sterile urine sample from a child who is not toilet trained?
How would the nurse obtain a sterile urine sample from a child who is not toilet trained?
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What proportion of body weight is water at birth?
What proportion of body weight is water at birth?
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Why do children dehydrate much faster than adults?
Why do children dehydrate much faster than adults?
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What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?
What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?
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When is the preferred route for fluid administration in infants and children?
When is the preferred route for fluid administration in infants and children?
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What is a common cause of serious dehydration in children?
What is a common cause of serious dehydration in children?
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How often should the nurse check the U-Bag when collecting a routine urine sample from a toilet-trained infant or toddler?
How often should the nurse check the U-Bag when collecting a routine urine sample from a toilet-trained infant or toddler?
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What is a concern when communicating with family members about the dying child's unawareness of cold?
What is a concern when communicating with family members about the dying child's unawareness of cold?
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What may occur just before death in a child who has remained conscious?
What may occur just before death in a child who has remained conscious?
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What is the reason why the body temperature of a dying child increases, making them seem unaware of the cold?
What is the reason why the body temperature of a dying child increases, making them seem unaware of the cold?
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When collecting a routine urine sample from a toilet-trained infant or toddler, how often should the nurse check the U-Bag?
When collecting a routine urine sample from a toilet-trained infant or toddler, how often should the nurse check the U-Bag?
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What is the proportion of body weight that is water at birth?
What is the proportion of body weight that is water at birth?
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Why do children dehydrate much faster than adults?
Why do children dehydrate much faster than adults?
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What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?
What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?
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When is the preferred route for fluid administration in infants and children?
When is the preferred route for fluid administration in infants and children?
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What is a common cause of serious dehydration in children?
What is a common cause of serious dehydration in children?
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How would the nurse obtain a sterile urine sample from a child who is not toilet trained?
How would the nurse obtain a sterile urine sample from a child who is not toilet trained?
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What may occur just before death in a child who has remained conscious?
What may occur just before death in a child who has remained conscious?
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What is a concern when communicating with family members about the dying child's unawareness of cold?
What is a concern when communicating with family members about the dying child's unawareness of cold?
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What is the reason for a dying child appearing to be unaware of cold, despite their skin feeling cool?
What is the reason for a dying child appearing to be unaware of cold, despite their skin feeling cool?
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How would the nurse obtain a sterile urine sample from a child who is not toilet trained?
How would the nurse obtain a sterile urine sample from a child who is not toilet trained?
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What percentage of body weight is water at birth?
What percentage of body weight is water at birth?
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Why do children dehydrate much faster than adults?
Why do children dehydrate much faster than adults?
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What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?
What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?
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When is the preferred route for fluid administration in infants and children?
When is the preferred route for fluid administration in infants and children?
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What is a common cause of serious dehydration in children?
What is a common cause of serious dehydration in children?
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How often should the nurse check the U-Bag when collecting a routine urine sample from a toilet-trained infant or toddler?
How often should the nurse check the U-Bag when collecting a routine urine sample from a toilet-trained infant or toddler?
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What may occur just before death in a child who has remained conscious?
What may occur just before death in a child who has remained conscious?
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What is a concern when communicating with family members about the dying child's unawareness of cold?
What is a concern when communicating with family members about the dying child's unawareness of cold?
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Study Notes
Vaccines
- Administration routes mainly include oral, with proper storage needed to maintain potency.
- Potency is sensitive to temperature variations.
- Common side effects include inflammation signs, such as redness, swelling, tenderness, fever (up to 105°F), irritability, shivering, fatigue, headaches, and muscle/joint pain.
- Reportable adverse reactions include:
- Any fever in infants under 12 weeks
- Fever over 104°F, lasting more than 3 days, or recurring after 24 hours
- Widening redness, exceeding 3 inches or accompanied by red streaks
- Total loss of function, anaphylactic symptoms, or prolonged inconsolable crying.
Normal and Abnormal Side Effects: MMR
- Delayed reactions for MMR and varicella: fever occurring 10-14 days post-vaccine, rash appearing 2-4 days later.
Contraindications
- Children with neomycin allergies should avoid IPV, MMR, Varicella, and certain flu vaccines.
- Egg allergies contraindicate MMR, Varicella, and influenza vaccines.
- Post-injection monitoring for 15-20 minutes with an EpiPen available.
Vaccine Schedules
- Hepatitis B: Given at birth, 1-2 months, and 6-18 months.
- Varicella: Administered at 12-15 months and 4-6 years.
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Given at birth - 6 months based on maternal immunity; possible from 8-19 months.
- Pneumococcal (PCV-13): Doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months, followed by PCV-23 in adulthood.
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis: 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, then again at 4-6 years and Tdap at 11 years, every 10 years thereafter.
- Haemophilus influenzae type b: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months.
- Inactivated Poliovirus: Administered at 2, 4, 6-18 months and again at 4-6 years.
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR): Given at 12-15 months and 4-6 years; may require a booster.
- Influenza: Administered at 6 months, followed by annual vaccinations.
- Rotavirus: Doses at 2, 4, and 6 months.
- Hepatitis A: Given to selected populations at 12 months, with adult booster.
- Meningococcal: Administered at 11 and 16 years.
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): Starting after 11 years, requires 2 doses < 5 months apart or 3 doses for those 15-26 years.
Medication Administration
- Pediatric dosages determined by weight (mg/kg) or body surface area charts.
- Administer oral medications using a dropper/syringe; avoid mixing with food.
- Older children should have a choice in medications with water/juice.
- Praise cooperation during administration of medications.
Ear, Eye, and Nose Drops Administration
- Ear Drops: Position appropriately and use correct pulling technique based on age; keep patient on their side post-administration.
- Eye Drops: Same procedure as adults, ensuring proper drop placement.
- Nose Drops: Child should be positioned with neck extended; hold for one minute post-administration.
Vital Signs
- Measurements performed in kg (2.2 lbs = 1 kg); height and weight are essential for medication dosing.
- Pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure readings vary by age group, with specific methods for measurement.
- Temperature routes depend on age and should be taken with considerations for proper technique.
Pain Assessment
- Pain is considered the sixth vital sign, with tools like the OUCHER scale and FLACC scale used to assess pain in children based on behavior and age and.
- Assessments should be age-appropriate, using verbalization for school-aged children and facial expressions for younger kids.
SIDS Prevention
- Key risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome includes prone sleeping position and sleeping with soft surfaces; recommendations advocate for a supine position until 6 months.
Separation Anxiety Stages
- With stages including protest, despair, and detachment, children may experience various emotional responses during hospitalization or loss.
Palliative Care
- Focuses on improving quality of life for children with serious conditions, addressing physical, psychosocial, or spiritual needs, and involves interdisciplinary collaboration.
Recognizing Child Abuse
- Require a thorough examination and detailed documentation of physical signs and observations of child-caregiver interactions.
Adolescent Safety Risks
- Leading causes of death in adolescents arise from risks related to violent behavior, substance use, and risky activities; psychological impacts are significant as well.
Therapeutic Play
- Used to assist children in processing their experiences and feelings regarding medical procedures, hence helping them express fears.
Communication with Families
- Encourage open discussions about feelings and provide reassurance regarding the child’s care and condition, addressing any fears or concerns.
Routine Health Screenings
- Recommended healthcare visits for infants to occur at least six times during the first year for monitoring and preventive care.### Well-Child Visits
- Scheduled at 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months.
- Immunizations provided to prevent disease.
- Data collected on growth, development, nutrition, sleep, and caregiver relationships.
- Weight, height, and head circumference documented.
- Emphasis on reinforcing education for first-time caregivers.
Toddler Visits
- Health care provider (HCP) visits at 15 months for immunization boosters; annual visits thereafter.
- Routine physical assessments include growth, development, oral hygiene, and parenting skills.
- Effective information gathering involves family interviews and caregiver-toddler observation.
- Communicating with toddlers requires realistic options at their comprehension level.
Preschool Child Health
- Required immunization boosters for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio, MMR, and varicella vaccines between ages 4 and 6 years.
- Recommended screenings: urinalysis, hematocrit, lead level, tuberculin skin testing, and Denver Developmental Screening Test.
- Importance placed on vision and hearing assessments.
- Semiannual dental exams recommended.
School-Aged Child Health
- Annual physical examinations required.
- Additional visits for minor illnesses permitted.
- Twice-annual dental visits recommended for cleanings and fluoride applications.
- Immunization requirements enforced for school entry.
- Tdap booster recommended every 10 years; HPV vaccine suggested starting at age 9.
Adolescent Health Care
- Routine physical exams covering developmental milestones, school and behavioral problems, and immunizations.
- Discussion of infection risks related to body piercings and tattoos is essential.
- Dental checkups every 6 months and addressing dental malocclusions.
- Regular pelvic exams, Pap smears, and breast self-exam education for girls.
- Testicular self-examination education for boys is critical.
- Mental health assessments play a key role in overall health evaluations.
Advanced Directives in Pediatrics
- Advance directives can be predetermined by parents/legal guardians for children with terminal illnesses.
- Implementation in emergencies poses challenges if parents are not present.
- Clarity is needed to interpret directives in medical crises.
End-of-Life Care
- Support grieving families by sharing in their sorrow while providing privacy for expression.
- Use comforting language to acknowledge grieving processes.
- Administer pain medication intravenously due to poor absorption when circulation is compromised.
- Maintain cleanliness of mucous membranes and skin to prevent discomfort.
- Family education on changes that occur as death approaches helps manage expectations.
Urine Sample Collection
- U-Bag used for routine urine sampling from toilet-trained infants and toddlers; requires cleanliness and frequent checks.
- For non-toilet-trained children, sterile samples obtained via straight catheterization.
Hydration Importance
- Water constitutes approximately 77% of body weight at birth, reducing to about 60% by age 2.
- Rapid dehydration risks in children necessitate prompt hydration interventions.
- Severe fluid loss can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, or extensive burns.
- Electrolyte balance is vital to maintaining acid-base homeostasis. IV fluids are used when oral hydration isn’t adequate.
Vaccines
- Administration routes mainly include oral, with proper storage needed to maintain potency.
- Potency is sensitive to temperature variations.
- Common side effects include inflammation signs, such as redness, swelling, tenderness, fever (up to 105°F), irritability, shivering, fatigue, headaches, and muscle/joint pain.
- Reportable adverse reactions include:
- Any fever in infants under 12 weeks
- Fever over 104°F, lasting more than 3 days, or recurring after 24 hours
- Widening redness, exceeding 3 inches or accompanied by red streaks
- Total loss of function, anaphylactic symptoms, or prolonged inconsolable crying.
Normal and Abnormal Side Effects: MMR
- Delayed reactions for MMR and varicella: fever occurring 10-14 days post-vaccine, rash appearing 2-4 days later.
Contraindications
- Children with neomycin allergies should avoid IPV, MMR, Varicella, and certain flu vaccines.
- Egg allergies contraindicate MMR, Varicella, and influenza vaccines.
- Post-injection monitoring for 15-20 minutes with an EpiPen available.
Vaccine Schedules
- Hepatitis B: Given at birth, 1-2 months, and 6-18 months.
- Varicella: Administered at 12-15 months and 4-6 years.
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Given at birth - 6 months based on maternal immunity; possible from 8-19 months.
- Pneumococcal (PCV-13): Doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months, followed by PCV-23 in adulthood.
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis: 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, then again at 4-6 years and Tdap at 11 years, every 10 years thereafter.
- Haemophilus influenzae type b: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months.
- Inactivated Poliovirus: Administered at 2, 4, 6-18 months and again at 4-6 years.
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR): Given at 12-15 months and 4-6 years; may require a booster.
- Influenza: Administered at 6 months, followed by annual vaccinations.
- Rotavirus: Doses at 2, 4, and 6 months.
- Hepatitis A: Given to selected populations at 12 months, with adult booster.
- Meningococcal: Administered at 11 and 16 years.
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): Starting after 11 years, requires 2 doses < 5 months apart or 3 doses for those 15-26 years.
Medication Administration
- Pediatric dosages determined by weight (mg/kg) or body surface area charts.
- Administer oral medications using a dropper/syringe; avoid mixing with food.
- Older children should have a choice in medications with water/juice.
- Praise cooperation during administration of medications.
Ear, Eye, and Nose Drops Administration
- Ear Drops: Position appropriately and use correct pulling technique based on age; keep patient on their side post-administration.
- Eye Drops: Same procedure as adults, ensuring proper drop placement.
- Nose Drops: Child should be positioned with neck extended; hold for one minute post-administration.
Vital Signs
- Measurements performed in kg (2.2 lbs = 1 kg); height and weight are essential for medication dosing.
- Pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure readings vary by age group, with specific methods for measurement.
- Temperature routes depend on age and should be taken with considerations for proper technique.
Pain Assessment
- Pain is considered the sixth vital sign, with tools like the OUCHER scale and FLACC scale used to assess pain in children based on behavior and age and.
- Assessments should be age-appropriate, using verbalization for school-aged children and facial expressions for younger kids.
SIDS Prevention
- Key risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome includes prone sleeping position and sleeping with soft surfaces; recommendations advocate for a supine position until 6 months.
Separation Anxiety Stages
- With stages including protest, despair, and detachment, children may experience various emotional responses during hospitalization or loss.
Palliative Care
- Focuses on improving quality of life for children with serious conditions, addressing physical, psychosocial, or spiritual needs, and involves interdisciplinary collaboration.
Recognizing Child Abuse
- Require a thorough examination and detailed documentation of physical signs and observations of child-caregiver interactions.
Adolescent Safety Risks
- Leading causes of death in adolescents arise from risks related to violent behavior, substance use, and risky activities; psychological impacts are significant as well.
Therapeutic Play
- Used to assist children in processing their experiences and feelings regarding medical procedures, hence helping them express fears.
Communication with Families
- Encourage open discussions about feelings and provide reassurance regarding the child’s care and condition, addressing any fears or concerns.
Routine Health Screenings
- Recommended healthcare visits for infants to occur at least six times during the first year for monitoring and preventive care.### Well-Child Visits
- Scheduled at 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months.
- Immunizations provided to prevent disease.
- Data collected on growth, development, nutrition, sleep, and caregiver relationships.
- Weight, height, and head circumference documented.
- Emphasis on reinforcing education for first-time caregivers.
Toddler Visits
- Health care provider (HCP) visits at 15 months for immunization boosters; annual visits thereafter.
- Routine physical assessments include growth, development, oral hygiene, and parenting skills.
- Effective information gathering involves family interviews and caregiver-toddler observation.
- Communicating with toddlers requires realistic options at their comprehension level.
Preschool Child Health
- Required immunization boosters for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio, MMR, and varicella vaccines between ages 4 and 6 years.
- Recommended screenings: urinalysis, hematocrit, lead level, tuberculin skin testing, and Denver Developmental Screening Test.
- Importance placed on vision and hearing assessments.
- Semiannual dental exams recommended.
School-Aged Child Health
- Annual physical examinations required.
- Additional visits for minor illnesses permitted.
- Twice-annual dental visits recommended for cleanings and fluoride applications.
- Immunization requirements enforced for school entry.
- Tdap booster recommended every 10 years; HPV vaccine suggested starting at age 9.
Adolescent Health Care
- Routine physical exams covering developmental milestones, school and behavioral problems, and immunizations.
- Discussion of infection risks related to body piercings and tattoos is essential.
- Dental checkups every 6 months and addressing dental malocclusions.
- Regular pelvic exams, Pap smears, and breast self-exam education for girls.
- Testicular self-examination education for boys is critical.
- Mental health assessments play a key role in overall health evaluations.
Advanced Directives in Pediatrics
- Advance directives can be predetermined by parents/legal guardians for children with terminal illnesses.
- Implementation in emergencies poses challenges if parents are not present.
- Clarity is needed to interpret directives in medical crises.
End-of-Life Care
- Support grieving families by sharing in their sorrow while providing privacy for expression.
- Use comforting language to acknowledge grieving processes.
- Administer pain medication intravenously due to poor absorption when circulation is compromised.
- Maintain cleanliness of mucous membranes and skin to prevent discomfort.
- Family education on changes that occur as death approaches helps manage expectations.
Urine Sample Collection
- U-Bag used for routine urine sampling from toilet-trained infants and toddlers; requires cleanliness and frequent checks.
- For non-toilet-trained children, sterile samples obtained via straight catheterization.
Hydration Importance
- Water constitutes approximately 77% of body weight at birth, reducing to about 60% by age 2.
- Rapid dehydration risks in children necessitate prompt hydration interventions.
- Severe fluid loss can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, or extensive burns.
- Electrolyte balance is vital to maintaining acid-base homeostasis. IV fluids are used when oral hydration isn’t adequate.
Vaccines
- Administration routes mainly include oral, with proper storage needed to maintain potency.
- Potency is sensitive to temperature variations.
- Common side effects include inflammation signs, such as redness, swelling, tenderness, fever (up to 105°F), irritability, shivering, fatigue, headaches, and muscle/joint pain.
- Reportable adverse reactions include:
- Any fever in infants under 12 weeks
- Fever over 104°F, lasting more than 3 days, or recurring after 24 hours
- Widening redness, exceeding 3 inches or accompanied by red streaks
- Total loss of function, anaphylactic symptoms, or prolonged inconsolable crying.
Normal and Abnormal Side Effects: MMR
- Delayed reactions for MMR and varicella: fever occurring 10-14 days post-vaccine, rash appearing 2-4 days later.
Contraindications
- Children with neomycin allergies should avoid IPV, MMR, Varicella, and certain flu vaccines.
- Egg allergies contraindicate MMR, Varicella, and influenza vaccines.
- Post-injection monitoring for 15-20 minutes with an EpiPen available.
Vaccine Schedules
- Hepatitis B: Given at birth, 1-2 months, and 6-18 months.
- Varicella: Administered at 12-15 months and 4-6 years.
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Given at birth - 6 months based on maternal immunity; possible from 8-19 months.
- Pneumococcal (PCV-13): Doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months, followed by PCV-23 in adulthood.
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis: 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, then again at 4-6 years and Tdap at 11 years, every 10 years thereafter.
- Haemophilus influenzae type b: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months.
- Inactivated Poliovirus: Administered at 2, 4, 6-18 months and again at 4-6 years.
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR): Given at 12-15 months and 4-6 years; may require a booster.
- Influenza: Administered at 6 months, followed by annual vaccinations.
- Rotavirus: Doses at 2, 4, and 6 months.
- Hepatitis A: Given to selected populations at 12 months, with adult booster.
- Meningococcal: Administered at 11 and 16 years.
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): Starting after 11 years, requires 2 doses < 5 months apart or 3 doses for those 15-26 years.
Medication Administration
- Pediatric dosages determined by weight (mg/kg) or body surface area charts.
- Administer oral medications using a dropper/syringe; avoid mixing with food.
- Older children should have a choice in medications with water/juice.
- Praise cooperation during administration of medications.
Ear, Eye, and Nose Drops Administration
- Ear Drops: Position appropriately and use correct pulling technique based on age; keep patient on their side post-administration.
- Eye Drops: Same procedure as adults, ensuring proper drop placement.
- Nose Drops: Child should be positioned with neck extended; hold for one minute post-administration.
Vital Signs
- Measurements performed in kg (2.2 lbs = 1 kg); height and weight are essential for medication dosing.
- Pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure readings vary by age group, with specific methods for measurement.
- Temperature routes depend on age and should be taken with considerations for proper technique.
Pain Assessment
- Pain is considered the sixth vital sign, with tools like the OUCHER scale and FLACC scale used to assess pain in children based on behavior and age and.
- Assessments should be age-appropriate, using verbalization for school-aged children and facial expressions for younger kids.
SIDS Prevention
- Key risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome includes prone sleeping position and sleeping with soft surfaces; recommendations advocate for a supine position until 6 months.
Separation Anxiety Stages
- With stages including protest, despair, and detachment, children may experience various emotional responses during hospitalization or loss.
Palliative Care
- Focuses on improving quality of life for children with serious conditions, addressing physical, psychosocial, or spiritual needs, and involves interdisciplinary collaboration.
Recognizing Child Abuse
- Require a thorough examination and detailed documentation of physical signs and observations of child-caregiver interactions.
Adolescent Safety Risks
- Leading causes of death in adolescents arise from risks related to violent behavior, substance use, and risky activities; psychological impacts are significant as well.
Therapeutic Play
- Used to assist children in processing their experiences and feelings regarding medical procedures, hence helping them express fears.
Communication with Families
- Encourage open discussions about feelings and provide reassurance regarding the child’s care and condition, addressing any fears or concerns.
Routine Health Screenings
- Recommended healthcare visits for infants to occur at least six times during the first year for monitoring and preventive care.### Well-Child Visits
- Scheduled at 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months.
- Immunizations provided to prevent disease.
- Data collected on growth, development, nutrition, sleep, and caregiver relationships.
- Weight, height, and head circumference documented.
- Emphasis on reinforcing education for first-time caregivers.
Toddler Visits
- Health care provider (HCP) visits at 15 months for immunization boosters; annual visits thereafter.
- Routine physical assessments include growth, development, oral hygiene, and parenting skills.
- Effective information gathering involves family interviews and caregiver-toddler observation.
- Communicating with toddlers requires realistic options at their comprehension level.
Preschool Child Health
- Required immunization boosters for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio, MMR, and varicella vaccines between ages 4 and 6 years.
- Recommended screenings: urinalysis, hematocrit, lead level, tuberculin skin testing, and Denver Developmental Screening Test.
- Importance placed on vision and hearing assessments.
- Semiannual dental exams recommended.
School-Aged Child Health
- Annual physical examinations required.
- Additional visits for minor illnesses permitted.
- Twice-annual dental visits recommended for cleanings and fluoride applications.
- Immunization requirements enforced for school entry.
- Tdap booster recommended every 10 years; HPV vaccine suggested starting at age 9.
Adolescent Health Care
- Routine physical exams covering developmental milestones, school and behavioral problems, and immunizations.
- Discussion of infection risks related to body piercings and tattoos is essential.
- Dental checkups every 6 months and addressing dental malocclusions.
- Regular pelvic exams, Pap smears, and breast self-exam education for girls.
- Testicular self-examination education for boys is critical.
- Mental health assessments play a key role in overall health evaluations.
Advanced Directives in Pediatrics
- Advance directives can be predetermined by parents/legal guardians for children with terminal illnesses.
- Implementation in emergencies poses challenges if parents are not present.
- Clarity is needed to interpret directives in medical crises.
End-of-Life Care
- Support grieving families by sharing in their sorrow while providing privacy for expression.
- Use comforting language to acknowledge grieving processes.
- Administer pain medication intravenously due to poor absorption when circulation is compromised.
- Maintain cleanliness of mucous membranes and skin to prevent discomfort.
- Family education on changes that occur as death approaches helps manage expectations.
Urine Sample Collection
- U-Bag used for routine urine sampling from toilet-trained infants and toddlers; requires cleanliness and frequent checks.
- For non-toilet-trained children, sterile samples obtained via straight catheterization.
Hydration Importance
- Water constitutes approximately 77% of body weight at birth, reducing to about 60% by age 2.
- Rapid dehydration risks in children necessitate prompt hydration interventions.
- Severe fluid loss can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, or extensive burns.
- Electrolyte balance is vital to maintaining acid-base homeostasis. IV fluids are used when oral hydration isn’t adequate.
Vaccines
- Administration routes mainly include oral, with proper storage needed to maintain potency.
- Potency is sensitive to temperature variations.
- Common side effects include inflammation signs, such as redness, swelling, tenderness, fever (up to 105°F), irritability, shivering, fatigue, headaches, and muscle/joint pain.
- Reportable adverse reactions include:
- Any fever in infants under 12 weeks
- Fever over 104°F, lasting more than 3 days, or recurring after 24 hours
- Widening redness, exceeding 3 inches or accompanied by red streaks
- Total loss of function, anaphylactic symptoms, or prolonged inconsolable crying.
Normal and Abnormal Side Effects: MMR
- Delayed reactions for MMR and varicella: fever occurring 10-14 days post-vaccine, rash appearing 2-4 days later.
Contraindications
- Children with neomycin allergies should avoid IPV, MMR, Varicella, and certain flu vaccines.
- Egg allergies contraindicate MMR, Varicella, and influenza vaccines.
- Post-injection monitoring for 15-20 minutes with an EpiPen available.
Vaccine Schedules
- Hepatitis B: Given at birth, 1-2 months, and 6-18 months.
- Varicella: Administered at 12-15 months and 4-6 years.
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Given at birth - 6 months based on maternal immunity; possible from 8-19 months.
- Pneumococcal (PCV-13): Doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months, followed by PCV-23 in adulthood.
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis: 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, then again at 4-6 years and Tdap at 11 years, every 10 years thereafter.
- Haemophilus influenzae type b: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months.
- Inactivated Poliovirus: Administered at 2, 4, 6-18 months and again at 4-6 years.
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR): Given at 12-15 months and 4-6 years; may require a booster.
- Influenza: Administered at 6 months, followed by annual vaccinations.
- Rotavirus: Doses at 2, 4, and 6 months.
- Hepatitis A: Given to selected populations at 12 months, with adult booster.
- Meningococcal: Administered at 11 and 16 years.
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): Starting after 11 years, requires 2 doses < 5 months apart or 3 doses for those 15-26 years.
Medication Administration
- Pediatric dosages determined by weight (mg/kg) or body surface area charts.
- Administer oral medications using a dropper/syringe; avoid mixing with food.
- Older children should have a choice in medications with water/juice.
- Praise cooperation during administration of medications.
Ear, Eye, and Nose Drops Administration
- Ear Drops: Position appropriately and use correct pulling technique based on age; keep patient on their side post-administration.
- Eye Drops: Same procedure as adults, ensuring proper drop placement.
- Nose Drops: Child should be positioned with neck extended; hold for one minute post-administration.
Vital Signs
- Measurements performed in kg (2.2 lbs = 1 kg); height and weight are essential for medication dosing.
- Pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure readings vary by age group, with specific methods for measurement.
- Temperature routes depend on age and should be taken with considerations for proper technique.
Pain Assessment
- Pain is considered the sixth vital sign, with tools like the OUCHER scale and FLACC scale used to assess pain in children based on behavior and age and.
- Assessments should be age-appropriate, using verbalization for school-aged children and facial expressions for younger kids.
SIDS Prevention
- Key risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome includes prone sleeping position and sleeping with soft surfaces; recommendations advocate for a supine position until 6 months.
Separation Anxiety Stages
- With stages including protest, despair, and detachment, children may experience various emotional responses during hospitalization or loss.
Palliative Care
- Focuses on improving quality of life for children with serious conditions, addressing physical, psychosocial, or spiritual needs, and involves interdisciplinary collaboration.
Recognizing Child Abuse
- Require a thorough examination and detailed documentation of physical signs and observations of child-caregiver interactions.
Adolescent Safety Risks
- Leading causes of death in adolescents arise from risks related to violent behavior, substance use, and risky activities; psychological impacts are significant as well.
Therapeutic Play
- Used to assist children in processing their experiences and feelings regarding medical procedures, hence helping them express fears.
Communication with Families
- Encourage open discussions about feelings and provide reassurance regarding the child’s care and condition, addressing any fears or concerns.
Routine Health Screenings
- Recommended healthcare visits for infants to occur at least six times during the first year for monitoring and preventive care.### Well-Child Visits
- Scheduled at 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months.
- Immunizations provided to prevent disease.
- Data collected on growth, development, nutrition, sleep, and caregiver relationships.
- Weight, height, and head circumference documented.
- Emphasis on reinforcing education for first-time caregivers.
Toddler Visits
- Health care provider (HCP) visits at 15 months for immunization boosters; annual visits thereafter.
- Routine physical assessments include growth, development, oral hygiene, and parenting skills.
- Effective information gathering involves family interviews and caregiver-toddler observation.
- Communicating with toddlers requires realistic options at their comprehension level.
Preschool Child Health
- Required immunization boosters for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio, MMR, and varicella vaccines between ages 4 and 6 years.
- Recommended screenings: urinalysis, hematocrit, lead level, tuberculin skin testing, and Denver Developmental Screening Test.
- Importance placed on vision and hearing assessments.
- Semiannual dental exams recommended.
School-Aged Child Health
- Annual physical examinations required.
- Additional visits for minor illnesses permitted.
- Twice-annual dental visits recommended for cleanings and fluoride applications.
- Immunization requirements enforced for school entry.
- Tdap booster recommended every 10 years; HPV vaccine suggested starting at age 9.
Adolescent Health Care
- Routine physical exams covering developmental milestones, school and behavioral problems, and immunizations.
- Discussion of infection risks related to body piercings and tattoos is essential.
- Dental checkups every 6 months and addressing dental malocclusions.
- Regular pelvic exams, Pap smears, and breast self-exam education for girls.
- Testicular self-examination education for boys is critical.
- Mental health assessments play a key role in overall health evaluations.
Advanced Directives in Pediatrics
- Advance directives can be predetermined by parents/legal guardians for children with terminal illnesses.
- Implementation in emergencies poses challenges if parents are not present.
- Clarity is needed to interpret directives in medical crises.
End-of-Life Care
- Support grieving families by sharing in their sorrow while providing privacy for expression.
- Use comforting language to acknowledge grieving processes.
- Administer pain medication intravenously due to poor absorption when circulation is compromised.
- Maintain cleanliness of mucous membranes and skin to prevent discomfort.
- Family education on changes that occur as death approaches helps manage expectations.
Urine Sample Collection
- U-Bag used for routine urine sampling from toilet-trained infants and toddlers; requires cleanliness and frequent checks.
- For non-toilet-trained children, sterile samples obtained via straight catheterization.
Hydration Importance
- Water constitutes approximately 77% of body weight at birth, reducing to about 60% by age 2.
- Rapid dehydration risks in children necessitate prompt hydration interventions.
- Severe fluid loss can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, or extensive burns.
- Electrolyte balance is vital to maintaining acid-base homeostasis. IV fluids are used when oral hydration isn’t adequate.
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Description
This quiz covers the administration of vaccines, including storage and temperature effects on potency, and common side effects including inflammation and immune response symptoms.
