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Questions and Answers
What is the normal range for oral temperature measurement in children?
What is used to measure pain in an infant?
Why is rectal temperature measurement not desirable in newborns?
Which of the following vaccines contains porcine gelatin and may offend certain cultures?
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What is the recommended sleeping position to reduce the risk of SIDS?
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According to the medication administration guidelines, how should oral medications be administered to infants?
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What is a common behavior observed in preschool children after hospitalization?
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What is the preferred site for subcutaneous and IM injections in children?
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What is the normal body temperature range for children orally?
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At what age can oral temperatures usually be taken?
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What is the primary concern of children under 5 years old when dealing with death?
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What is the main goal of pediatric palliative care?
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Why is it essential to prioritize pain management in pediatric care?
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What is the purpose of a Buretrol in IV therapy?
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How can a nurse help reduce a child's anxiety in a hospital setting?
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What is a characteristic of a dying child's body temperature?
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How can a nurse obtain a urine sample from a toilet-trained infant or toddler?
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Why is it essential to maintain fluid balance in children?
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What is the preferred route for administering fluids to an infant or child who can take them orally?
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What happens to the proportion of water in a child's body weight between ages 1 and 2 years?
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Which symptom indicates a potential adverse reaction to a vaccine that must be reported immediately?
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What temperature threshold indicates a severe reaction post-vaccination that should be reported?
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Which vaccine is contraindicated for individuals with an allergy to eggs?
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Which of these screenings are specifically recommended for preschool-aged children?
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In the context of caring for a terminally ill child, which action is most consistent with supporting the family's grief?
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What action should be taken regarding an infant who experiences any fever after vaccination?
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Which of the following is considered a normal reaction to the MMR vaccine?
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Which of these is NOT a recommended practice for maintaining comfort in a terminally ill child?
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Which of these statements regarding pediatric advance directives is TRUE?
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Which of these health promotion measures is specifically recommended for adolescent girls?
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What is a common misconception preschool-aged children have regarding death?
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Which developmental milestone indicates that a child has begun to understand the concept of irreversible death?
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Which of the following statements best describes adolescents' perception of death?
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When assessing a situation involving a child suspected of being abused, what should be prioritized?
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What primary factor contributes to the rising numbers of adolescent deaths due to violence?
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Which statement about the playroom is true?
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What is the primary purpose of therapeutic play?
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During which stage of healthcare visits does a child typically receive immunizations during infancy?
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What is the best method for building trust with an adolescent during an interview?
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What is emphasized during routine health screenings for toddlers?
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What is the typical response of a dying child just before death?
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Why is it essential to maintain fluid balance in children?
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How would a nurse obtain a sterile urine sample from a non-toilet-trained child?
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What is the preferred route for administering fluids to an infant or child who can take them orally?
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What happens to the proportion of water in a child's body weight between ages 1 and 2 years?
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What is a characteristic of a dying child's body temperature?
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What is essential for maintaining health in the body?
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Why is it important to monitor electrolyte balance in children?
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What is a critical aspect of caring for a terminally ill child?
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What is the primary concern when obtaining a urine sample from a toilet-trained infant or toddler?
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What physiological change occurs in a dying child just before death regarding their perception of temperature?
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What is the most important reason for keeping family members informed as a child approaches death?
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What is the recommended method for obtaining a sterile urine sample from a child who is not toilet trained?
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At what age does the proportion of water in a child's body weight typically decrease to around 60%?
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What can lead to severe dehydration in children much faster than in adults?
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What role do electrolytes play in the body, particularly for children?
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Which method is likely necessary for maintaining adequate hydration in a seriously dehydrated child?
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How does a dying child's behavior typically change just before death?
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What approach should a nurse take when collecting a urine sample from a toilet-trained toddler?
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Why is it essential to maintain fluid balance in children?
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Study Notes
Vaccines
- Administration routes mainly include oral, with proper storage needed to maintain potency.
- Potency is sensitive to temperature variations.
- Common side effects include inflammation signs, such as redness, swelling, tenderness, fever (up to 105°F), irritability, shivering, fatigue, headaches, and muscle/joint pain.
- Reportable adverse reactions include:
- Any fever in infants under 12 weeks
- Fever over 104°F, lasting more than 3 days, or recurring after 24 hours
- Widening redness, exceeding 3 inches or accompanied by red streaks
- Total loss of function, anaphylactic symptoms, or prolonged inconsolable crying.
Normal and Abnormal Side Effects: MMR
- Delayed reactions for MMR and varicella: fever occurring 10-14 days post-vaccine, rash appearing 2-4 days later.
Contraindications
- Children with neomycin allergies should avoid IPV, MMR, Varicella, and certain flu vaccines.
- Egg allergies contraindicate MMR, Varicella, and influenza vaccines.
- Post-injection monitoring for 15-20 minutes with an EpiPen available.
Vaccine Schedules
- Hepatitis B: Given at birth, 1-2 months, and 6-18 months.
- Varicella: Administered at 12-15 months and 4-6 years.
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Given at birth - 6 months based on maternal immunity; possible from 8-19 months.
- Pneumococcal (PCV-13): Doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months, followed by PCV-23 in adulthood.
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis: 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, then again at 4-6 years and Tdap at 11 years, every 10 years thereafter.
- Haemophilus influenzae type b: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months.
- Inactivated Poliovirus: Administered at 2, 4, 6-18 months and again at 4-6 years.
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR): Given at 12-15 months and 4-6 years; may require a booster.
- Influenza: Administered at 6 months, followed by annual vaccinations.
- Rotavirus: Doses at 2, 4, and 6 months.
- Hepatitis A: Given to selected populations at 12 months, with adult booster.
- Meningococcal: Administered at 11 and 16 years.
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): Starting after 11 years, requires 2 doses < 5 months apart or 3 doses for those 15-26 years.
Medication Administration
- Pediatric dosages determined by weight (mg/kg) or body surface area charts.
- Administer oral medications using a dropper/syringe; avoid mixing with food.
- Older children should have a choice in medications with water/juice.
- Praise cooperation during administration of medications.
Ear, Eye, and Nose Drops Administration
- Ear Drops: Position appropriately and use correct pulling technique based on age; keep patient on their side post-administration.
- Eye Drops: Same procedure as adults, ensuring proper drop placement.
- Nose Drops: Child should be positioned with neck extended; hold for one minute post-administration.
Vital Signs
- Measurements performed in kg (2.2 lbs = 1 kg); height and weight are essential for medication dosing.
- Pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure readings vary by age group, with specific methods for measurement.
- Temperature routes depend on age and should be taken with considerations for proper technique.
Pain Assessment
- Pain is considered the sixth vital sign, with tools like the OUCHER scale and FLACC scale used to assess pain in children based on behavior and age and.
- Assessments should be age-appropriate, using verbalization for school-aged children and facial expressions for younger kids.
SIDS Prevention
- Key risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome includes prone sleeping position and sleeping with soft surfaces; recommendations advocate for a supine position until 6 months.
Separation Anxiety Stages
- With stages including protest, despair, and detachment, children may experience various emotional responses during hospitalization or loss.
Palliative Care
- Focuses on improving quality of life for children with serious conditions, addressing physical, psychosocial, or spiritual needs, and involves interdisciplinary collaboration.
Recognizing Child Abuse
- Require a thorough examination and detailed documentation of physical signs and observations of child-caregiver interactions.
Adolescent Safety Risks
- Leading causes of death in adolescents arise from risks related to violent behavior, substance use, and risky activities; psychological impacts are significant as well.
Therapeutic Play
- Used to assist children in processing their experiences and feelings regarding medical procedures, hence helping them express fears.
Communication with Families
- Encourage open discussions about feelings and provide reassurance regarding the child’s care and condition, addressing any fears or concerns.
Routine Health Screenings
- Recommended healthcare visits for infants to occur at least six times during the first year for monitoring and preventive care.### Well-Child Visits
- Scheduled at 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months.
- Immunizations provided to prevent disease.
- Data collected on growth, development, nutrition, sleep, and caregiver relationships.
- Weight, height, and head circumference documented.
- Emphasis on reinforcing education for first-time caregivers.
Toddler Visits
- Health care provider (HCP) visits at 15 months for immunization boosters; annual visits thereafter.
- Routine physical assessments include growth, development, oral hygiene, and parenting skills.
- Effective information gathering involves family interviews and caregiver-toddler observation.
- Communicating with toddlers requires realistic options at their comprehension level.
Preschool Child Health
- Required immunization boosters for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio, MMR, and varicella vaccines between ages 4 and 6 years.
- Recommended screenings: urinalysis, hematocrit, lead level, tuberculin skin testing, and Denver Developmental Screening Test.
- Importance placed on vision and hearing assessments.
- Semiannual dental exams recommended.
School-Aged Child Health
- Annual physical examinations required.
- Additional visits for minor illnesses permitted.
- Twice-annual dental visits recommended for cleanings and fluoride applications.
- Immunization requirements enforced for school entry.
- Tdap booster recommended every 10 years; HPV vaccine suggested starting at age 9.
Adolescent Health Care
- Routine physical exams covering developmental milestones, school and behavioral problems, and immunizations.
- Discussion of infection risks related to body piercings and tattoos is essential.
- Dental checkups every 6 months and addressing dental malocclusions.
- Regular pelvic exams, Pap smears, and breast self-exam education for girls.
- Testicular self-examination education for boys is critical.
- Mental health assessments play a key role in overall health evaluations.
Advanced Directives in Pediatrics
- Advance directives can be predetermined by parents/legal guardians for children with terminal illnesses.
- Implementation in emergencies poses challenges if parents are not present.
- Clarity is needed to interpret directives in medical crises.
End-of-Life Care
- Support grieving families by sharing in their sorrow while providing privacy for expression.
- Use comforting language to acknowledge grieving processes.
- Administer pain medication intravenously due to poor absorption when circulation is compromised.
- Maintain cleanliness of mucous membranes and skin to prevent discomfort.
- Family education on changes that occur as death approaches helps manage expectations.
Urine Sample Collection
- U-Bag used for routine urine sampling from toilet-trained infants and toddlers; requires cleanliness and frequent checks.
- For non-toilet-trained children, sterile samples obtained via straight catheterization.
Hydration Importance
- Water constitutes approximately 77% of body weight at birth, reducing to about 60% by age 2.
- Rapid dehydration risks in children necessitate prompt hydration interventions.
- Severe fluid loss can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, or extensive burns.
- Electrolyte balance is vital to maintaining acid-base homeostasis. IV fluids are used when oral hydration isn’t adequate.
Vaccines
- Administration routes mainly include oral, with proper storage needed to maintain potency.
- Potency is sensitive to temperature variations.
- Common side effects include inflammation signs, such as redness, swelling, tenderness, fever (up to 105°F), irritability, shivering, fatigue, headaches, and muscle/joint pain.
- Reportable adverse reactions include:
- Any fever in infants under 12 weeks
- Fever over 104°F, lasting more than 3 days, or recurring after 24 hours
- Widening redness, exceeding 3 inches or accompanied by red streaks
- Total loss of function, anaphylactic symptoms, or prolonged inconsolable crying.
Normal and Abnormal Side Effects: MMR
- Delayed reactions for MMR and varicella: fever occurring 10-14 days post-vaccine, rash appearing 2-4 days later.
Contraindications
- Children with neomycin allergies should avoid IPV, MMR, Varicella, and certain flu vaccines.
- Egg allergies contraindicate MMR, Varicella, and influenza vaccines.
- Post-injection monitoring for 15-20 minutes with an EpiPen available.
Vaccine Schedules
- Hepatitis B: Given at birth, 1-2 months, and 6-18 months.
- Varicella: Administered at 12-15 months and 4-6 years.
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Given at birth - 6 months based on maternal immunity; possible from 8-19 months.
- Pneumococcal (PCV-13): Doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months, followed by PCV-23 in adulthood.
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis: 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, then again at 4-6 years and Tdap at 11 years, every 10 years thereafter.
- Haemophilus influenzae type b: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months.
- Inactivated Poliovirus: Administered at 2, 4, 6-18 months and again at 4-6 years.
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR): Given at 12-15 months and 4-6 years; may require a booster.
- Influenza: Administered at 6 months, followed by annual vaccinations.
- Rotavirus: Doses at 2, 4, and 6 months.
- Hepatitis A: Given to selected populations at 12 months, with adult booster.
- Meningococcal: Administered at 11 and 16 years.
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): Starting after 11 years, requires 2 doses < 5 months apart or 3 doses for those 15-26 years.
Medication Administration
- Pediatric dosages determined by weight (mg/kg) or body surface area charts.
- Administer oral medications using a dropper/syringe; avoid mixing with food.
- Older children should have a choice in medications with water/juice.
- Praise cooperation during administration of medications.
Ear, Eye, and Nose Drops Administration
- Ear Drops: Position appropriately and use correct pulling technique based on age; keep patient on their side post-administration.
- Eye Drops: Same procedure as adults, ensuring proper drop placement.
- Nose Drops: Child should be positioned with neck extended; hold for one minute post-administration.
Vital Signs
- Measurements performed in kg (2.2 lbs = 1 kg); height and weight are essential for medication dosing.
- Pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure readings vary by age group, with specific methods for measurement.
- Temperature routes depend on age and should be taken with considerations for proper technique.
Pain Assessment
- Pain is considered the sixth vital sign, with tools like the OUCHER scale and FLACC scale used to assess pain in children based on behavior and age and.
- Assessments should be age-appropriate, using verbalization for school-aged children and facial expressions for younger kids.
SIDS Prevention
- Key risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome includes prone sleeping position and sleeping with soft surfaces; recommendations advocate for a supine position until 6 months.
Separation Anxiety Stages
- With stages including protest, despair, and detachment, children may experience various emotional responses during hospitalization or loss.
Palliative Care
- Focuses on improving quality of life for children with serious conditions, addressing physical, psychosocial, or spiritual needs, and involves interdisciplinary collaboration.
Recognizing Child Abuse
- Require a thorough examination and detailed documentation of physical signs and observations of child-caregiver interactions.
Adolescent Safety Risks
- Leading causes of death in adolescents arise from risks related to violent behavior, substance use, and risky activities; psychological impacts are significant as well.
Therapeutic Play
- Used to assist children in processing their experiences and feelings regarding medical procedures, hence helping them express fears.
Communication with Families
- Encourage open discussions about feelings and provide reassurance regarding the child’s care and condition, addressing any fears or concerns.
Routine Health Screenings
- Recommended healthcare visits for infants to occur at least six times during the first year for monitoring and preventive care.### Well-Child Visits
- Scheduled at 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months.
- Immunizations provided to prevent disease.
- Data collected on growth, development, nutrition, sleep, and caregiver relationships.
- Weight, height, and head circumference documented.
- Emphasis on reinforcing education for first-time caregivers.
Toddler Visits
- Health care provider (HCP) visits at 15 months for immunization boosters; annual visits thereafter.
- Routine physical assessments include growth, development, oral hygiene, and parenting skills.
- Effective information gathering involves family interviews and caregiver-toddler observation.
- Communicating with toddlers requires realistic options at their comprehension level.
Preschool Child Health
- Required immunization boosters for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio, MMR, and varicella vaccines between ages 4 and 6 years.
- Recommended screenings: urinalysis, hematocrit, lead level, tuberculin skin testing, and Denver Developmental Screening Test.
- Importance placed on vision and hearing assessments.
- Semiannual dental exams recommended.
School-Aged Child Health
- Annual physical examinations required.
- Additional visits for minor illnesses permitted.
- Twice-annual dental visits recommended for cleanings and fluoride applications.
- Immunization requirements enforced for school entry.
- Tdap booster recommended every 10 years; HPV vaccine suggested starting at age 9.
Adolescent Health Care
- Routine physical exams covering developmental milestones, school and behavioral problems, and immunizations.
- Discussion of infection risks related to body piercings and tattoos is essential.
- Dental checkups every 6 months and addressing dental malocclusions.
- Regular pelvic exams, Pap smears, and breast self-exam education for girls.
- Testicular self-examination education for boys is critical.
- Mental health assessments play a key role in overall health evaluations.
Advanced Directives in Pediatrics
- Advance directives can be predetermined by parents/legal guardians for children with terminal illnesses.
- Implementation in emergencies poses challenges if parents are not present.
- Clarity is needed to interpret directives in medical crises.
End-of-Life Care
- Support grieving families by sharing in their sorrow while providing privacy for expression.
- Use comforting language to acknowledge grieving processes.
- Administer pain medication intravenously due to poor absorption when circulation is compromised.
- Maintain cleanliness of mucous membranes and skin to prevent discomfort.
- Family education on changes that occur as death approaches helps manage expectations.
Urine Sample Collection
- U-Bag used for routine urine sampling from toilet-trained infants and toddlers; requires cleanliness and frequent checks.
- For non-toilet-trained children, sterile samples obtained via straight catheterization.
Hydration Importance
- Water constitutes approximately 77% of body weight at birth, reducing to about 60% by age 2.
- Rapid dehydration risks in children necessitate prompt hydration interventions.
- Severe fluid loss can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, or extensive burns.
- Electrolyte balance is vital to maintaining acid-base homeostasis. IV fluids are used when oral hydration isn’t adequate.
Vaccines
- Administration routes mainly include oral, with proper storage needed to maintain potency.
- Potency is sensitive to temperature variations.
- Common side effects include inflammation signs, such as redness, swelling, tenderness, fever (up to 105°F), irritability, shivering, fatigue, headaches, and muscle/joint pain.
- Reportable adverse reactions include:
- Any fever in infants under 12 weeks
- Fever over 104°F, lasting more than 3 days, or recurring after 24 hours
- Widening redness, exceeding 3 inches or accompanied by red streaks
- Total loss of function, anaphylactic symptoms, or prolonged inconsolable crying.
Normal and Abnormal Side Effects: MMR
- Delayed reactions for MMR and varicella: fever occurring 10-14 days post-vaccine, rash appearing 2-4 days later.
Contraindications
- Children with neomycin allergies should avoid IPV, MMR, Varicella, and certain flu vaccines.
- Egg allergies contraindicate MMR, Varicella, and influenza vaccines.
- Post-injection monitoring for 15-20 minutes with an EpiPen available.
Vaccine Schedules
- Hepatitis B: Given at birth, 1-2 months, and 6-18 months.
- Varicella: Administered at 12-15 months and 4-6 years.
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Given at birth - 6 months based on maternal immunity; possible from 8-19 months.
- Pneumococcal (PCV-13): Doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months, followed by PCV-23 in adulthood.
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis: 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, then again at 4-6 years and Tdap at 11 years, every 10 years thereafter.
- Haemophilus influenzae type b: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months.
- Inactivated Poliovirus: Administered at 2, 4, 6-18 months and again at 4-6 years.
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR): Given at 12-15 months and 4-6 years; may require a booster.
- Influenza: Administered at 6 months, followed by annual vaccinations.
- Rotavirus: Doses at 2, 4, and 6 months.
- Hepatitis A: Given to selected populations at 12 months, with adult booster.
- Meningococcal: Administered at 11 and 16 years.
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): Starting after 11 years, requires 2 doses < 5 months apart or 3 doses for those 15-26 years.
Medication Administration
- Pediatric dosages determined by weight (mg/kg) or body surface area charts.
- Administer oral medications using a dropper/syringe; avoid mixing with food.
- Older children should have a choice in medications with water/juice.
- Praise cooperation during administration of medications.
Ear, Eye, and Nose Drops Administration
- Ear Drops: Position appropriately and use correct pulling technique based on age; keep patient on their side post-administration.
- Eye Drops: Same procedure as adults, ensuring proper drop placement.
- Nose Drops: Child should be positioned with neck extended; hold for one minute post-administration.
Vital Signs
- Measurements performed in kg (2.2 lbs = 1 kg); height and weight are essential for medication dosing.
- Pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure readings vary by age group, with specific methods for measurement.
- Temperature routes depend on age and should be taken with considerations for proper technique.
Pain Assessment
- Pain is considered the sixth vital sign, with tools like the OUCHER scale and FLACC scale used to assess pain in children based on behavior and age and.
- Assessments should be age-appropriate, using verbalization for school-aged children and facial expressions for younger kids.
SIDS Prevention
- Key risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome includes prone sleeping position and sleeping with soft surfaces; recommendations advocate for a supine position until 6 months.
Separation Anxiety Stages
- With stages including protest, despair, and detachment, children may experience various emotional responses during hospitalization or loss.
Palliative Care
- Focuses on improving quality of life for children with serious conditions, addressing physical, psychosocial, or spiritual needs, and involves interdisciplinary collaboration.
Recognizing Child Abuse
- Require a thorough examination and detailed documentation of physical signs and observations of child-caregiver interactions.
Adolescent Safety Risks
- Leading causes of death in adolescents arise from risks related to violent behavior, substance use, and risky activities; psychological impacts are significant as well.
Therapeutic Play
- Used to assist children in processing their experiences and feelings regarding medical procedures, hence helping them express fears.
Communication with Families
- Encourage open discussions about feelings and provide reassurance regarding the child’s care and condition, addressing any fears or concerns.
Routine Health Screenings
- Recommended healthcare visits for infants to occur at least six times during the first year for monitoring and preventive care.### Well-Child Visits
- Scheduled at 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months.
- Immunizations provided to prevent disease.
- Data collected on growth, development, nutrition, sleep, and caregiver relationships.
- Weight, height, and head circumference documented.
- Emphasis on reinforcing education for first-time caregivers.
Toddler Visits
- Health care provider (HCP) visits at 15 months for immunization boosters; annual visits thereafter.
- Routine physical assessments include growth, development, oral hygiene, and parenting skills.
- Effective information gathering involves family interviews and caregiver-toddler observation.
- Communicating with toddlers requires realistic options at their comprehension level.
Preschool Child Health
- Required immunization boosters for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio, MMR, and varicella vaccines between ages 4 and 6 years.
- Recommended screenings: urinalysis, hematocrit, lead level, tuberculin skin testing, and Denver Developmental Screening Test.
- Importance placed on vision and hearing assessments.
- Semiannual dental exams recommended.
School-Aged Child Health
- Annual physical examinations required.
- Additional visits for minor illnesses permitted.
- Twice-annual dental visits recommended for cleanings and fluoride applications.
- Immunization requirements enforced for school entry.
- Tdap booster recommended every 10 years; HPV vaccine suggested starting at age 9.
Adolescent Health Care
- Routine physical exams covering developmental milestones, school and behavioral problems, and immunizations.
- Discussion of infection risks related to body piercings and tattoos is essential.
- Dental checkups every 6 months and addressing dental malocclusions.
- Regular pelvic exams, Pap smears, and breast self-exam education for girls.
- Testicular self-examination education for boys is critical.
- Mental health assessments play a key role in overall health evaluations.
Advanced Directives in Pediatrics
- Advance directives can be predetermined by parents/legal guardians for children with terminal illnesses.
- Implementation in emergencies poses challenges if parents are not present.
- Clarity is needed to interpret directives in medical crises.
End-of-Life Care
- Support grieving families by sharing in their sorrow while providing privacy for expression.
- Use comforting language to acknowledge grieving processes.
- Administer pain medication intravenously due to poor absorption when circulation is compromised.
- Maintain cleanliness of mucous membranes and skin to prevent discomfort.
- Family education on changes that occur as death approaches helps manage expectations.
Urine Sample Collection
- U-Bag used for routine urine sampling from toilet-trained infants and toddlers; requires cleanliness and frequent checks.
- For non-toilet-trained children, sterile samples obtained via straight catheterization.
Hydration Importance
- Water constitutes approximately 77% of body weight at birth, reducing to about 60% by age 2.
- Rapid dehydration risks in children necessitate prompt hydration interventions.
- Severe fluid loss can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, or extensive burns.
- Electrolyte balance is vital to maintaining acid-base homeostasis. IV fluids are used when oral hydration isn’t adequate.
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Description
This quiz covers the administration and side effects of vaccines, including the importance of correct storage, potential side effects, and adverse reactions that need to be reported.
