Vaccination: History and Global Impact

A process that uses a vaccine to build immunity to a disease.

An infectious disease that was once very common and deadly but has been eradicated.

A doctor who pioneered the concept of vaccination against smallpox.

A disease similar to smallpox, used to create the first smallpox vaccine.

Measurable degree of protection against a disease provided by vaccination.

Complete elimination of smallpox from the world due to global vaccination efforts.

International efforts to control and prevent diseases through widespread vaccination.

Preserved samples of vaccines, predominantly of smallpox, in selected locations.

An incident occurred that didn't compromise samples, but highlighted potential risks in containing the variola virus.

WHO research program on variola virus should benefit everyone, and virus destruction is postponed for five years.

No institution should hold over 20% of the smallpox genome.

Highly contagious virus, impacting global health, causing pneumonia, encephalitis, and pregnancy complications.

Critical for preventing measles-related death and brain damage, especially in children.

Viral infection causing nerve injury and paralysis.

Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria are the only remaining countries with ongoing polio outbreaks.

Vaccination programs have dramatically reduced polio cases globally, but a few countries still have ongoing outbreaks.

When a significant portion of a population is immune to a pathogen, making it difficult for the disease to spread.

Polio has not been eradicated, and with widespread international travel, there's a constant risk of outbreaks.

Infectious diseases remain the biggest threat to human life worldwide.

The effectiveness of a vaccine depends on the pathogen's characteristics, like how much it changes, if it hides, and how it interacts with the immune system.

The measles vaccine is sensitive to heat, requiring careful storage and handling.

Passive immunity is used when a person can't produce antibodies themselves, or when immediate protection is needed.

There are different types of COVID-19 vaccines, including mRNA (Pfizer, Moderna), viral vector (Johnson & Johnson), and protein subunit (Novavax).

These vaccines use a weakened version of the virus that can't cause the disease but stimulates the immune response.

Most viral vaccines are made from killed or weakened versions of the virus.

An attenuated virus is a live virus that has been weakened so it can't cause disease, but can still trigger an immune response.

SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, does not replicate within eggs. This is different from some other viruses, like influenza, which are grown in eggs for vaccine production.

The flu shot contains inactivated (killed) influenza viruses, which trigger an immune response without causing illness. It's typically a combination of three strains representing the most prevalent viruses.

Flu viruses constantly evolve through genetic drift and shift, requiring annual adjustments to the vaccine formula to match circulating strains. This ensures the best protection for the upcoming flu season.

The flu shot prompts your body to produce antibodies against specific flu strains. These antibodies help fight off infection if you encounter these strains.

Creating a rotavirus vaccine took a lengthy 30 years of research and development. This illustrates the complexity and length of time needed to develop effective vaccines.

Rotavirus causes severe diarrhea, especially in children. It is a significant global burden, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths yearly.

Two rotavirus vaccines are available: Rotarix, which uses a live, weakened human rotavirus, and RotaTeq, which contains a mix of five cattle rotaviruses that are safe for humans.

The development of a vaccine against the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was rapid and involved many stages, including virus identification, vaccine production, and clinical trials.

When vaccination rates decline, the incidence of preventable diseases like measles increases. This highlights the importance of consistent vaccination programs.

There is no scientific link between autism and vaccination. This misconception was based on fraudulent research that has been repeatedly refuted.

To produce neutralizing antibodies that recognize the spike protein and generate CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, aiming to fight off the virus.

Developed in the 70s, a safe method of delivering mRNA into cells was achieved after overcoming technical challenges.

Created against the Ebola virus, it lacked commercial potential despite being the first mRNA vaccine.

Achieved with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, paving the way for other applications, like cancer therapeutics.

The vaccine delivers mRNA that instructs the cells to produce the virus's spike protein, triggering an immune response.

The vaccine introduces a harmless version of the virus's spike protein, causing the immune system to produce antibodies.

Both are RNA vaccines, while Novavax uses a protein subunit approach, all used for COVID-19 vaccination in Canada and the US.

They are administered to refresh the immune system's memory and maintain high levels of antibodies against the virus.

Substances added to vaccines to boost the immune response against the antigen, making the vaccine more effective.

They activate the innate immune system, which is necessary to trigger the adaptive immune system and create a long-lasting immunity.

A tiny infectious agent that consists of genetic material (RNA or DNA) enclosed in a protein coat. It needs a host cell to replicate.

Viruses have three main types of proteins: replication, packaging and delivery, and host cell modification. These proteins help the virus replicate and spread.

Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa.

RNA vaccines use a piece of genetic material (mRNA) that instructs the body's cells to produce a specific protein from the virus.

The mRNA in the vaccine is taken up by cells, which use it to produce viral proteins. The immune system recognizes these proteins as foreign and develops immunity against the virus.

The first line of defense against viruses is the innate immune system, involving complement proteins and macrophages.

The adaptive immune system is activated when the innate immune system is overwhelmed, involving natural killer cells, phagocytes, and interferon production.

Respiratory viruses bind to normal membrane proteins on cells and trigger endocytosis, entering the cell.

The maximum size a cell can reach is limited by the amount of cytoplasm that can be supported by its genes and the efficiency of nutrient exchange and diffusion.

A green alga that defies typical cell size limitations, reaching lengths over 10 cm due to its unique cellular structure and adaptation.

A field of science focused on creating artificial life forms in a laboratory setting, often by manipulating existing organisms.

A systematic approach used to assess new information through hypothesis formulation, data collection, analysis, and conclusion based on the evidence.

A principle stating that the simplest explanation that fits the observations is usually the most likely to be correct.

The smallest, basic unit of life in all living organisms. It's responsible for producing energy and building the substances necessary for its own survival.

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

A fully developed, specialized unit in an animal composed of different tissues that work together to perform a complex function.

Microscopes, invented by Robert Hooke and refined by Anton Leewenhoek, enabled scientists to observe the microscopic world, leading to the discovery and understanding of cells.

Robert Hooke observed the pores in cork, which he named 'cells' because they reminded him of the small rooms monks lived in.

Anton Leewenhoek was the first to examine pond water under a microscope, observing the teeming microscopic life he called 'animalcules'.

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms. They are responsible for all life processes.

The textbook offers on-line resources like glossaries, flashcards, quizzes, and practice questions to help students learn about cells.

The last universal common ancestor, a hypothetical single-celled organism from which all life on Earth evolved more than 3 billion years ago.

Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

All cells share basic features like a common genetic code, a plasma membrane, and ribosomes.

Simple organisms used in research due to their fast growth, large offspring, and ease of manipulation. Examples include bacteria, yeasts, fruit flies, nematode worms, and mice.

A unit of measurement used for cells, equaling 10^-6 meters.

A unit of measurement used for cell components, equaling 10^-9 meters.

The structure of a cell or organelle is directly related to its specific roles and activities.

The study of chemical processes occurring within cells, including metabolism and energy production.

The study of the structure, function, and behavior of cells, the fundamental units of life.

A proposed explanation for an observation that can be tested through experimentation. It's a statement that is consistent with most of the data, and may take the form of a model, which is an explanation that accounts for the data.

A hypothesis that has been extensively tested and supported by multiple investigators using different approaches, it is widely accepted within the scientific community. It's a more comprehensive and robust explanation compared to a hypothesis.

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Surface area to volume ratio. As a cell grows larger, its volume increases faster than its surface area, making it more difficult for the cell to exchange nutrients and waste with its environment.

A fundamental principle in biology that explains the basic structure and organization of living organisms. It states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

A line of human cells, originally derived from a cervical cancer patient, Henrietta Lacks, that are widely used in scientific research.

Cells grown in a controlled environment outside of an organism, used for studying cell behavior, drug testing, and other research purposes.

Cells are highly organized, possess a genetic program, replicate themselves, acquire and utilize energy, carry out chemical reactions, engage in mechanical activities, respond to stimuli, and regulate their internal environment.

Similar structure, composition, and metabolic features among cells of different species that have been preserved over evolutionary time.

Genes, the units of heredity, store the information necessary for constructing cellular structures, carrying out cellular functions, and producing more cells.

Changes in genetic information (mutations) contribute to variation among individuals, which provides the raw material for biological evolution.

Cells reproduce by dividing, a process where the contents of a parent cell are equally distributed into two daughter cells, each containing a complete set of genetic information.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, which is used to fuel life on Earth.

The process by which cells break down glucose (sugar) to produce ATP, a molecule used for energy.

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in cells, collectively known as metabolism.

Cells carry out a wide range of mechanical activities, from transporting materials to moving themselves, driven by changes in the shape of motor proteins.

Cells have receptors that interact with external stimuli, like hormones and other molecules, allowing them to respond and adapt to changes in their environment.

Cells maintain a stable internal environment through feedback circuits that regulate their composition and behavior.

Cells have evolved over millions of years, adapting to different environments and developing new features.

A tool that magnifies small objects, enabling the observation of cells and other microscopic structures.

A scientist who first observed cells in cork using a microscope, naming them 'cells' because they reminded him of monk's cells in a monastery.

A scientist who refined the microscope and was the first to observe living 'animalcules' (microscopic organisms) in pond water.

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Simple organisms used in research due to their rapid growth, large offspring, and ease of manipulation. Examples include bacteria, yeasts, fruit flies, nematode worms, and mice.

A German botanist who contributed to the development of cell theory by recognizing that all plants are made up of cells.

A German physiologist who extended cell theory to animals, recognizing that all living things are made up of cells.

A German physician who proposed the concept of 'omnis cellula e cellula,' meaning all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of life. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cells are complex and organized, possess a genetic program, replicate themselves, acquire and utilize energy, carry out chemical reactions, engage in mechanical activities, respond to stimuli, and regulate their internal environment.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, which is used to fuel life on Earth.

The process by which cells break down glucose (sugar) to produce ATP, a molecule used for energy.

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in cells, collectively known as metabolism.

Simple organisms used in research due to their fast growth, large offspring, and ease of manipulation.

A scientific field focused on creating artificial life forms in a laboratory setting, often by manipulating existing organisms. It aims to design and build new biological parts, devices, and systems, with potential applications in medicine, industry, and the environment.

A systematic approach used to investigate and understand the natural world. It involves formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. The goal is to test ideas and build a body of knowledge based on evidence.

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms, responsible for carrying out all essential life processes.

Microscopes, invented by Robert Hooke and refined by Anton Leewenhoek, enabled scientists to observe the microscopic world, leading to the discovery and understanding of cells.

Robert Hooke observed the pores in cork, which he named 'cells' because they reminded him of the small rooms monks lived in.

Anton Leewenhoek, using a refined microscope, was the first to observe living 'animalcules' (microscopic organisms) in pond water.

The maximum size a cell can reach is limited by the amount of cytoplasm that can be supported by its genes and the efficiency of nutrient exchange and diffusion.

A systematic approach used to assess new information through hypothesis formulation, data collection, analysis, and conclusion based on the evidence.

The Cell Theory was articulated in the mid-1800s by Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.

The process by which cells reproduce, where the contents of a parent cell are equally distributed into two daughter cells, each containing a complete set of genetic information.

A unit of heredity, a segment of DNA that carries instructions for building a cellular structure or carrying out a specific function.

The sum total of all chemical reactions happening within a cell.

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, fueling life on Earth.

The process by which cells break down glucose (sugar) to produce ATP, a molecule used for energy.

Proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in cells.

Proteins responsible for cellular movement and transportation within cells.

Cells maintain a stable internal environment through feedback circuits that regulate their composition and behavior.

Similar structure, composition, and metabolic features among cells of different species that have been preserved over evolutionary time.

The Last Universal Common Ancestor, a hypothetical single-celled organism from which all life on Earth evolved.

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other organelles. Prokaryotes are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes.

A line of human cells, originally derived from a cervical cancer patient, Henrietta Lacks, that are widely used in scientific research.

Cells grown in a controlled environment outside of an organism, used for studying cell behavior, drug testing, and other research purposes.