Vaccination Basics

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How can fungi be spread by water?

Coming into contact with infected individuals

Breathing in pathogens carried by water droplets

Drinking dirty water (correct)

Touching contaminated surfaces

What is a common way for pathogens to be spread through the air?

By touching contaminated surfaces

Through direct contact

By coming into contact with dirty water

Through droplet infection (correct)

How can the damage caused by diseases be reduced?

By avoiding vaccination

By removing vectors and their habitats (correct)

By reducing hygiene practices

By increasing contact with infected individuals

What is a characteristic of viruses that makes them particularly dangerous?

They can enter all types of cells Signup and view all the answers

How does vaccination help individuals become immune to pathogens?

By injecting a harmless pathogen to induce immunity Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure can fungi have in their body?

Hyphae (thread-like structures) Signup and view all the answers

What are the common symptoms of Measles?

Fever and red skin rash Signup and view all the answers

How is HIV mainly spread?

By sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of preventing Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

Good field hygiene and pest control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication that can arise from Measles?

Encephalitis (brain infection) Signup and view all the answers

How does the Tobacco Mosaic Virus affect plant leaves?

Discolouration and reduced photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of preventing the spread of HIV?

Using condoms and not sharing needles Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vaccinations?

To make individuals immune to a certain disease before being infected. Signup and view all the answers

How does herd immunity work in the context of vaccinations?

It reduces the spread of the pathogen by immunising a large proportion of the population. Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of vaccinations mentioned in the text?

Eradicating many diseases, such as smallpox. Signup and view all the answers

How do vaccinations help in combating diseases upon secondary infection?

By allowing white blood cells to produce antibodies much quicker. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of antibiotics according to the text?

To kill bacterial pathogens inside the body without harming healthy cells. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes vaccinations from antibiotics based on the information provided?

Vaccinations make individuals immune to diseases, while antibiotics kill bacterial pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of plant diseases that indicates a nitrate deficiency?

Stunted growth Signup and view all the answers

Why are monoclonal antibodies difficult to attach to drugs?

They trigger an immune response when used in humans Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of plant diseases that indicates magnesium deficiency?

Discolouration Signup and view all the answers

What method can be used to identify the disease a plant has?

Identifying the pathogen by observing the infected plant in a laboratory Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant disease is caused by aphids?

Insect infestation Signup and view all the answers

Why are mouse-human hybrid cells produced in relation to monoclonal antibodies?

To reduce the chance of triggering an immune response Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemical defences do foxgloves, tobacco plants, deadly nightshades, and yew possess?

Poisons to deter herbivores Signup and view all the answers

How do some leaves defend against insects when touched?

By drooping or curling to move insects away Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant defence involves mimicking unhealthy plants to avoid predation?

Mimicry to trick animals Signup and view all the answers

What do species from the 'ice plant family' do to avoid predation?

Have a stone and pebble like appearance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT contribute to plant defences according to the text?

Mechanical defences against bacteria Signup and view all the answers