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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of active vaccination in providing immunity?
What is the primary mechanism of active vaccination in providing immunity?
- Stimulating the adaptive immune system with nonpathogenic forms of microbes. (correct)
- Directly injecting antibodies to neutralize pathogens.
- Providing a temporary physical barrier against microbial invasion.
- Administering medications to eradicate existing infections.
Why does active vaccination result in long-term immunity?
Why does active vaccination result in long-term immunity?
- It doesn't; active vaccination only provides short-term protection.
- Because it leads to the generation of immunological memory. (correct)
- Because it provides an immediate and robust inflammatory response.
- Because the vaccine components remain active in the body indefinitely.
Which characteristic is typically associated with active vaccination?
Which characteristic is typically associated with active vaccination?
- Slow onset of immunity. (correct)
- Immediate protection upon administration.
- A rapid increase in body temperature.
- Lifelong immunity without the need for boosters.
In active vaccination, what form of microbe is used to stimulate an immune response?
In active vaccination, what form of microbe is used to stimulate an immune response?
What is the main goal of exposing an individual to a nonpathogenic form of a microbe during active vaccination?
What is the main goal of exposing an individual to a nonpathogenic form of a microbe during active vaccination?
What is the primary mechanism by which passive vaccination provides immunity?
What is the primary mechanism by which passive vaccination provides immunity?
Why does passive vaccination typically confer only short-term immunity?
Why does passive vaccination typically confer only short-term immunity?
In which scenario would passive vaccination be most appropriate?
In which scenario would passive vaccination be most appropriate?
Which of the listed outcomes is NOT an expected result of administering anti-tetanus toxin via passive vaccination?
Which of the listed outcomes is NOT an expected result of administering anti-tetanus toxin via passive vaccination?
How does the mechanism of action of anti-rabies immunoglobulin (passive immunization) differ from that of a traditional rabies vaccine (active immunization)?
How does the mechanism of action of anti-rabies immunoglobulin (passive immunization) differ from that of a traditional rabies vaccine (active immunization)?
Flashcards
Active Vaccination
Active Vaccination
Stimulating the body's own immune response by exposure to non-harmful forms of a microbe.
Protective Immunity
Protective Immunity
Adaptive immune responses are stimulated, providing protection against microbes.
Nonpathogenic Forms
Nonpathogenic Forms
Using non-disease-causing versions of microbes to trigger an immune response.
Slow Onset, Long-Term Immunity
Slow Onset, Long-Term Immunity
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Adaptive Immune Response
Adaptive Immune Response
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Passive Vaccination
Passive Vaccination
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Passive Immunity Mechanism
Passive Immunity Mechanism
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Passive Vaccination Duration
Passive Vaccination Duration
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Examples of Passive Immunization
Examples of Passive Immunization
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Passive Vaccination Uses
Passive Vaccination Uses
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Study Notes
- Vaccination is linked to adaptive immunity and involves the use of vaccines such as the flu vaccine
- Vaccines are products that provide immunity against a disease
- Vaccines are immunogenic but not pathogenic
Aims of immunization
- Disease eradication is an aim, such as with smallpox in 1980
- Aims to lower the risk and incidence of infectious diseases
- Herd immunity is another goal
Active vs passive vaccination
Active vaccination
- Stimulates adaptive immune responses against microbes using nonpathogenic forms
- Promotes slow onset, but long-term immunity
Passive vaccination
- Involves injecting antibodies to induce a rapid humoral response against a specific pathogen
- Causes an immediate effect but short-term immunity
- Examples include antitoxins like tetanus, botulinum, and diphtheria, and anti-rabies immunoglobulins
Criteria of a good vaccine
- Induces effective protection
- Does not have severe or significant side effects
- Induces long-standing immunity
- Is easy and inexpensive to produce
- Is stable during storage and transport
- Induces humoral immunity; few induce cellular and humoral immunity
Factors to consider during immunization
- Dose
- Administration route
- Type of vaccine
- Age
- Immune status
Types of Vaccines
- Live Attenuated Vaccines
- Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
- Subunit vaccines
- Toxoid
- Protein based
- Polysaccharide based
- Viral vector vaccines
- Nucleic acid vaccines
- mRNA
- DNA
Live Attenuated Vaccine
- Uses live whole bacterial cells or viruses with reduced pathogenicity
- Examples include Sabin polio vaccine, Rota virus, MMR, BCG, and Influenza vaccines
- This type can stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses
- Oral and nasal vaccines induces local cellular immunity and IgA
- The microbe can revert to its virulent form in rare cases
- Contraindicated in immunocompromised and pregnant individuals
Killed/inactivated Vaccine
- Involves inactivated viruses or dead bacteria
- Stimulates only humoral immunity
- Injectable examples include Salk polio, influenza, Hepatitis A, and pertussis vaccines
Subunit vaccines
- Toxoid vaccines use modified toxins that that are no longer dangerous but still immunogenic and stimulate ???
- An example is vaccines for Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Botulinum
Subunit Protein Based
- Use selected parts of the bacterial cell or vital particle that stimulates ???
- Hepatitis B and Pertussis are examples
Subunit Polysaccharide Based
- Use bacterial capsular antigens, conjugated and stimulate ???
- Examples include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis
Viral Vector Vaccine
- Employs a nonpathogenic virus to deliver genes coding for the desired antigen and stimulates ???
- Examples include the Ebola and SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19) vaccines
Nucleic Acid Vaccine
mRNA Vaccines
- Contains the genes from the desired antigen based on mRNA that stimulates ???
- An example is SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
DNA Vaccines
- Have an antigen-coding DNA sequencing in a plasmid and stimulate ???
- Examples are under trial
Examples of Vaccines
- DTP (DTaP)
- Diphtheria: toxoid
- Tetanus: toxoid
- Pertussis: acellular pertussis: subunit
- MMR: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, are live attenuated
- Hepatitis B: Recombinant subunit
- SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Viral vector, mRNA, and DNA
- Polio vaccines:
- Live attenuated (OPV): administers orally
- Inactivated (IPV): administered intramuscularly
Vaccination Projects
- Smallpox vaccination:
- The last naturally acquired case was in Somalia in 1977
- The last death was in 1978
- Global eradication in 1980
- Polio virus vaccine: Great advances in eradication
- Immunization Schedule should be studied in KSA
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Description
Vaccines are products that provide immunity against a disease. Immunization aims to lower the risk of infectious diseases. Active vaccination promotes slow onset but long-term immunity, while passive vaccination causes an immediate effect but short-term immunity.
