Vaccination and Public Health
79 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of vaccines in public health?

  • To replace the need for hygiene practices
  • To serve as a major source of primary prevention (correct)
  • To eliminate all diseases from the population
  • To treat existing infections in individuals

    • How does the immune system respond to an introduced vaccine?

  • By passively receiving antibodies from the environment
  • By immediately eliminating all pathogens present
  • By storing memory cells without response
  • By forming antibodies due to the presence of an agent (correct)

    • Which statement accurately describes the spacing of vaccine doses?

  • Subsequent doses allow the body to react more effectively (correct)
  • Vaccine doses are irrelevant to immune response
  • The first dose should be the largest to maximize immune response
  • All doses should be administered simultaneously for best results

    • What distinguishes active immunization from passive immunization?

    <p>Active immunization requires the host to create antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the immunization schedule important for infants?

    <p>Maternal antibodies typically last only a short time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases has a vaccine that has led to significant global success?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary feature of how the body identifies foreign agents?

    <p>By distinguishing intruders from body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average percentage of vaccinated children in the U.S. as of the data provided?

    <p>75.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state had the lowest vaccination rate among children listed in the data?

    <p>Alaska</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concern was most prevalent among families refusing vaccinations?

    <p>Fear of connection to autism spectrum disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of healthcare professionals reported concerns from families about the pain or stress of multiple injections?

    <p>37%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reasons for vaccine refusal was reported least frequently by healthcare professionals?

    <p>Cost/lack of insurance coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of vaccination is needed to ensure adequate herd immunity in a community?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true of live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>Have a potential to overwhelm the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of mRNA vaccines in the immune response?

    <p>Teach cells to make a virus protein to trigger an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines is an example of an inactivated vaccine?

    <p>Polio (injected)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage of U.S. adults who believed vaccines should be required in 1991?

    <p>81%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding vaccine preservatives?

    <p>Thimerosal is an effective preservative that contains mercury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By how much did the percentage of U.S. adults supporting mandatory childhood vaccinations decrease from 1991 to 2019?

    <p>19%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible side effect of live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>They can cause a mild case of the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of U.S. adults had no opinion ('No answer') on vaccination requirements in 2019?

    <p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the lowest recorded percentage supporting mandatory childhood vaccinations in the years presented?

    <p>14%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What innovative additive is mentioned that may reduce the need for refrigeration in vaccine storage?

    <p>Silk-based additive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did support for mandatory childhood vaccinations reach 90%?

    <p>1991</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immune cells are developed after mRNA vaccinations to fight infections?

    <p>B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes inactivated vaccines from live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>Inactivated vaccines are composed of killed microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of U.S. adults felt that vaccinations should 'stay out of it' in 2019?

    <p>14%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option had the next highest percentage after 'Yes, require' in 2019?

    <p>No, should stay out of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1991, which response had the lowest percentage of support?

    <p>No, should stay out of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the trend in U.S. adult opinions on mandatory vaccinations from 1991 to 2019.

    <p>Support decreased over the years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which year reflects a higher public opinion on requiring childhood vaccinations?

    <p>1991</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for receiving the flu vaccine?

    <p>Seizure after initial dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pregnant individuals, which vaccines are generally recommended?

    <p>Influenza, DTaP, and COVID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the National Vaccine Injury Act of 1988 require from vaccine providers?

    <p>To counsel about risks/benefits of immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine had the highest number of compensated petitions filed between 1988 and 2023?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)?

    <p>To monitor and report vaccine-related adverse events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions would NOT lead to a precaution before administering a vaccine?

    <p>Recent travel history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Between 1988 and 2023, the number of dismissed petitions for the Hepatitis A vaccine was:

    <p>45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine showed only one compensated petition filed from 1988-2023?

    <p>Mumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the event of an anaphylactic response to a vaccine, the best action is to:

    <p>Provide immediate emergency medical assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for a live vaccine to be recommended for a patient?

    <p>No known contraindications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage of healthcare professionals who had concerns about a child's immune system being overwhelmed by vaccines?

    <p>56%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reasons was reported most frequently by families for refusing vaccinations?

    <p>Fear of connection to autism spectrum disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state reported the highest vaccination rate among the lowest listed in the data?

    <p>Arizona</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of healthcare professionals expressed doubts about vaccine efficacy?

    <p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of families expressed distrust in the pharmaceutical industry as a reason for refusing vaccines?

    <p>44%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the first dose of a vaccine in the context of antibody production?

    <p>Slow production of antibodies at low concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the concept of active immunization?

    <p>The body generates its own antibodies after exposure to an agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes passive immunity from active immunity?

    <p>Antibodies are acquired from another human or animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the immune system's response change with subsequent vaccine doses?

    <p>The reaction is quicker and more effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general duration of maternal antibodies in an infant?

    <p>Around 2 months before they wane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of achieving long-term protection through vaccination?

    <p>Introduction of an agent allowing the body to create antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do vaccines play in bioterrorism defense?

    <p>They serve as a primary defense line against biological attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total number of petitions seeking damages for injury or death from the influenza vaccine that were compensated from October 1988 to June 2023?

    <p>5,588</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to the challenge of achieving widespread vaccination among children?

    <p>Lack of awareness about vaccine benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is commonly associated with mumps, particularly affecting males?

    <p>Infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the situation regarding vaccine hesitancy?

    <p>Cultural and philosophical beliefs can influence vaccination rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period were the majority of vaccine-related petitions compensated?

    <p>1988 to 2023</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors may contribute to vaccine shortages?

    <p>Limited access to vaccination in public sectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of influenza vaccine compensation claims, what was the total number of petitions dismissed?

    <p>993</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of pertussis in relation to its contagiousness?

    <p>It is highly contagious before symptoms develop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the difficulties faced by immigrant groups in relation to vaccinations in the U.S.?

    <p>Some immigrant groups come unvaccinated due to lack of awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the Affordable Care Act impacted vaccine accessibility?

    <p>Slowly improved access for underinsured populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for receiving the flu vaccine?

    <p>History of moderate or severe illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement outlined by the National Vaccine Injury Act of 1988 for healthcare providers?

    <p>To inform patients about both risks and benefits of vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following outcomes had the least number of petitions filed for the DTP vaccine between 1988 and 2023?

    <p>Withdrawn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccines recommended during pregnancy include which of the following?

    <p>COVID-19 vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct response in the event of an anaphylactic reaction to a vaccine?

    <p>Provide immediate epinephrine treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a precautionary measure before administering vaccines?

    <p>Recent blood transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception exists about live vaccines?

    <p>They can be given during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of mRNA vaccines in relation to the immune response?

    <p>They teach cells to produce a harmless protein unique to a virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates inactivated vaccines from live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>Inactivated vaccines can elicit only a weaker immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about herd immunity is true?

    <p>A vaccination rate of 95% is necessary for effective community protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of vaccine usually only requires one dose for long-term immunity?

    <p>Live attenuated vaccines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for utilizing additives in vaccine production?

    <p>To maintain vaccine stability against environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique aspect of mRNA vaccines' mechanism of action?

    <p>They utilize harmless proteins to trigger an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine can be administered to individuals with weakened immune systems?

    <p>Inactivated vaccines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines is classified as an inactivated vaccine?

    <p>Polio (injected) vaccine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of vaccine preservatives is notable, especially regarding thimerosal?

    <p>Thimerosal is used in very small quantities to decrease contamination risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vaccines

    • Vaccines are a primary method of disease prevention.
    • They act as a first line of defense against bioterrorism.
    • Globally, vaccines have shown significant success.
    • Examples include smallpox, polio, and influenza.
    • Vaccination rates are a critical public health measure for controlling outbreaks.

    How Vaccines Work

    • Vaccines stimulate immunity by introducing an agent.
    • This triggers the body's immune system to form antibodies.
    • The immune system acts like a watchdog, identifying and eliminating intruders (bacteria and viruses).
    • The immune system distinguishes vaccine components from human cells.
    • Immunity can be passive or active.
    • Spacing between vaccine doses is crucial.
    • Initial doses present lower antibody concentrations allowing slow production.
    • Subsequent doses lead to quicker and more effective responses.

    Immunity

    • Active Immunity:
      • Immunization introduces an agent or vaccine.
      • The body creates antibodies.
      • Provides long-term protection.
    • Passive Immunity:
      • Antibodies are received from another human or animal.
      • Examples include immunoglobulins or antiserum.
      • Maternal antibodies offer short-term protection.
    • Lasts about 2 months, so vaccine schedules start after birth approximately*.

    Herd Immunity

    • Herd immunity involves a large portion of the community being vaccinated to prevent disease spread.
    • A 95% vaccination rate is generally needed to protect the entire community.
    • Reduced vulnerability to infections occurs in communities with high vaccination rates.

    Two Main Types of Vaccines

    • Inactivated Vaccines:
      • Utilize whole or parts of microbes that are killed.
      • Produce a weaker response than live vaccines, so booster shots are often needed.
      • Side effects are typically minimal.
      • Suitable for pregnant women or individuals with weak immune systems.
    • Live Attenuated Vaccines:
      • Grown from weakened live viruses.
      • Often require only a single dose for life-long protection.
      • Require cold chain systems for storage.
      • Can occasionally cause a mild case of the disease.

    Types of Inactivated and Live Attenuated Vaccines

    • Inactivated: Includes Influenza, Polio(injected), Pertussis, Plague, Hepatitis A & B, Lyme Disease, Rabies
    • Live Attenuated: Includes Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Chickenpox, Smallpox, Influenza(inhaled), Polio(oral)

    mRNA Vaccines

    • Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines instruct cells to produce proteins unique to a virus.
    • These proteins trigger an immune response.
    • mRNA vaccines destroy the virus's genetic material post-production.
    • T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are generated for future viral encounters.
    • mRNA vaccines are a new technology based on decades of research.

    Vaccine Additives & Production

    • Antibiotics maintain vaccine sterility.
    • Preservatives, like thimerosal, reduce contamination risks.
    • Stabilizers prevent degradation from heat, light, etc.
    • Silk-based additives are developed to reduce refrigeration need for vaccines.

    Contraindications and Precautions

    • Seizure after the first vaccine dose.
    • Chronic renal disease.
    • History of severe allergic reactions.
    • Moderate to severe illness.
    • Generalized malignancy.
    • Immunosuppressive therapy.
    • Recent blood or plasma transfusions.
    • Recommended schedules for child and adolescent vaccination provide the timing and dosages of vaccines.
    • Catch-up schedules are available for individuals falling behind.
    • Minimum intervals between doses are also important, with schedules outlined and catch-up options given.
    • Influenza.
    • DTaP.
    • COVID are recommended in pregnancy.
    • Live vaccines are typically not recommended, as they are not suitable for pregnant individuals and should be avoided.

    Outbreaks

    • The presence of outbreaks highlights the importance of vaccination and public health efforts, with examples like measles outbreaks.
    • COVID-19 and Measles were mentioned in this regard.

    Vaccine Hesitancy

    • The resistance to vaccination is influenced by cultural, philosophical, religious, and socioeconomic factors, as well as personal beliefs.
    • Public health communication, education, and support can help reduce hesitancy.

    Exemptions and Legislation

    • Guidelines for vaccination exemptions and legislation vary from state to state and some countries.
    • Religious protections and personal belief exemptions may exist in some regions.
    • Understanding the legal ramifications regarding vaccination exemptions and requirements is important.

    Percentage of US Adults that Required Vaccinations for Children

    • The trend shows a decline in support for vaccine mandates between 1991 and 2019, based on US adult responses.
    • Public sentiment towards vaccine mandates fluctuated over the past few decades, with varying levels of support and opposition to mandates through time.

    Non-Medical Exemptions

    • Non-medical exemptions for immunizations within schools should be closely monitored.
    • Data from state-level exemption rates illustrates significant variations in exemption rates across regions.

    States with the Lowest Vaccination Rates

    • States demonstrate different levels of childhood vaccination rates.
    • CDC studies show significant regional variations in vaccination rates as of 2021.

    Who Delays and Refuses Vaccine

    • Reasons for delaying or refusing vaccines among parents include fears about side effects, the safety of vaccines themselves, concerns about the number of vaccines given, and trust in medical professionals.

    • Families of unvaccinated children tend to exhibit higher socioeconomic status (compared to families in lower socio-economic brackets).

    Most Common Reasons for Requesting Alternative Vaccine Schedules

    • The most frequent reason for requesting alternative vaccine schedules included a fear that vaccines would trigger autism spectrum disorder.
    • Concerns also cited were the presence of added ingredients in vaccines or worries about added complications.

    Vaccine Refusal or Alternative Schedules as of 2016

    • Health care professionals reported that families were most likely to refuse or request alternative schedules for the HPV vaccine.
    • Reports show significant resistance towards the MMR, Hepatitis A and B vaccines, as well as others.

    Disadvantage of Vaccinations for Children

    • The percentage of US adults who were aware of the disadvantages of vaccinations for children steadily increased between 2001 and 2019.
    • Discomfort regarding the possible negative side effects of vaccinations for children has significantly increased in recent decades.

    Vaccine Messaging

    • Anti-vaccine messaging on social media surged during the pandemic.
    • Controversial figures disseminated misinformation about vaccines, contributing to the spread of misinformation.
    • Misinformation and spread of false or misleading statistics and videos are significant issues to consider when promoting child vaccination.

    Common Vaccine Myths

    • Misconceptions surrounding vaccine safety, immune system capacity, cause of diseases from vaccines, and vaccine composition exist.
    • Such myths present a challenge to public health objectives, highlighting the importance of correct information, credible sources and effective communication strategies to correct these inaccuracies.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Vaccines Spring 2024

    Description

    This quiz explores the essential roles of vaccines in public health, including how the immune system responds and the importance of vaccination schedules. Test your knowledge on vaccination statistics and attitudes towards immunization in children.

    More Like This

    Vaccines & Prophylaxis
    64 questions

    Vaccines & Prophylaxis

    RejoicingSuccess avatar
    RejoicingSuccess
    Immune System and Vaccination Overview
    16 questions

    Immune System and Vaccination Overview

    CongratulatoryGauss avatar
    CongratulatoryGauss
    Vaccination Overview
    23 questions

    Vaccination Overview

    EnchantingOnyx5509 avatar
    EnchantingOnyx5509
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser