Vaccination and Immunology Exam Prep

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the MMR vaccine?

Measles

Hepatitis B (correct)

Rubella

Mumps

Which of the following best describes the role of hemagglutinin in a virus?

Triggering the immune response

Allowing the virus to exit cells

Preventing the virus from entering cells

Facilitating the attachment of the virus to cells (correct)

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements accurately reflects the concept of herd immunity?

A type of vaccine that uses a weakened virus to stimulate an immune response.

A phenomenon where a high percentage of vaccinated individuals protect unvaccinated individuals. (correct)

A strategy for vaccinating all individuals in a population

A method for identifying individuals susceptible to a particular disease

According to the presented content, what is the most effective method to debunk fraudulent claims about vaccines?

Presenting scientific evidence and factual information (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of vaccines?

Creating immunological memory for a faster response upon re-exposure (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?

Strong memory response (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of calprotectins in the innate immune system?

Targeting gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of macrophage?

Follicular dendritic cell (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for antibody production?

B cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major types of endocytosis?

Pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about MHC Class I and Class II is TRUE?

MHC Class I is present on all nucleated cells, while MHC Class II is present on macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key inflammatory cytokine?

IFN-gamma (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell can differentiate into both macrophages and dendritic cells?

Monocytes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of NK cells in the immune system?

Killing infected or cancerous cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key difference between NK cells and NKT cells?

NK cells are part of the innate immune system, while NKT cells are part of the adaptive immune system (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T helper cells (TH)?

Helping to activate other immune cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

Limited memory response (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major difference between complement and antibodies?

Complement is a soluble protein system, while antibodies are cell-bound proteins. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of macrophages?

Antibody production (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of a bacterial sign?

It is produced by friendly bacteria to compete with pathogenic bacteria. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of type 1 interferons (IFNs) in the innate immune response?

Inducing antiviral state in cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity is highly specific for individual antigens, while adaptive immunity is non-specific. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptors (BCRs) achieve diversity?

Genome rearrangement (D) Signup and view all the answers

During which time frame does the adaptive immune response typically manifest following pathogen exposure?

About a week later (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis in terms of cellular processes?

Necrosis leads to inflammation while apoptosis does not. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the impact of HIV on the immune system?

HIV selectively destroys CD4+ T cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens requires the most attention in immunology studies due to its opportunistic nature?

Candida albicans (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exam 1 Study Strategies

Exam objectives are available on Canvas, within the exam one content page. Look for a page listing high-yield readings, PowerPoint objectives, and textbook objectives.
Prioritize PowerPoint objectives; the instructor bases exam questions on them. Textbook objectives are helpful but less representative.
The PowerPoint slides are the primary study resource; review them repeatedly.
Supplement slide review with practice problems, past exams, and concept understanding.
Identify and focus on weak areas. Read questions and answers meticulously.

Vaccination and Immunology History

Vaccines create immunological memory for quicker responses upon re-exposure.
Thoroughly review H1N1 (swine flu) details.
Understand FluMist and intramuscular injections; identify suitable populations for each.
Hemagglutinin (viral entry) and neuraminidase (viral exit) are crucial.
Smallpox has been eradicated through vaccination.
Disprove fraudulent vaccine claims (e.g., autism).
The MMR vaccine contains measles, mumps, and rubella.
Focus on top immunologists/scientists.
Understand herd immunity.
Master polio, invasive Hemophilus influenzae, mumps, measles, and rubella; understand their details and incubation periods from the slides.
Differentiate passive (e.g., horse antisera, milkmaids) and active immunity; distinguish serum from cells.

Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

Innate immunity responds faster, while adaptive immunity takes days to activate.
Adaptive immunity is more diverse and has stronger memory, innate immunity has limited memory.
Innate immunity better distinguishes self from non-self; adaptive immunity can malfunction, causing autoimmune disorders.
Adaptive soluble components (antibodies, cytokines); Innate soluble components (proteins, antimicrobial peptides).

Innate Immune System Details

Key inflammatory cytokines: IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha (important but chronic inflammation is detrimental).
Physical barriers: Skin (acidic/salty, nonspecific antimicrobial chemicals).
Antiviral interferons (IFNs).
Innate immune response chemicals: Lactoferrins, cathelicidins, psoriasin, calprotectins.
Calprotectins target gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and psoriasin targets gram-negative bacteria (E. coli).
Bacterial signs help fight pathogenic bacteria.
Complement assists inflammation, lysis, and opsonization; avoid chronic complement activation.
Complement is covered in later exams—less focus for Exam 1.
Macrophages: Phagocytosis, antigen presentation via MHC Class II.
PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns) are recognized by the innate immune system.
Endocytosis mechanisms (pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis) are part of the innate immune system.

Cells of the Immune System and their Markers

Cell identification: Understand structural features (pseudopodia, phagosomes, lysosomes, MHC receptors).
MHC Class I (virtually all nucleated cells) vs. MHC Class II (macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells).
B cells: Antibody production (cell surface or soluble); antigen presentation.
Antibody structure: Heavy and light chains linked by disulfide bonds.
Differentiate macrophage types (intestinal, alveolar, Kupffer cells).
Identify cell types (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) from images/descriptions.
Dendritic cells: Antigen presentation.
Distinguish follicular dendritic cells from other dendritic cells.
Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.
Type 1 interferons: Understand stimuli and the resulting cell differentiation.
NK cells: Innate immune T cell-like cells; do not require cascade activation.
NK cell activation: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
NK vs. NKT cells: Distinguish based on CD markers.
Key CD markers: CD3, CD4, CD8 (and others).
T helper cells (TH): Activation signals, functions (cytokines like IL-4, interferon-gamma, B cell isotype switching).
Cytotoxic T cells (TC): Functions (perforin, granzymes).

Immune Responses and Mechanisms

T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptors (BCRs) generated through genome rearrangement.
Immune response timeframe: Rapid innate response (days) vs. adaptive response (weeks).
Interferons and cytokines in immune responses.
Self/non-self recognition and tolerance.
Apoptosis (good death) vs. necrosis (bad death).

Additional High-Yield Information

Pathogen types (fungi, parasites, bacteria).
Opportunistic infections (HSV, Candida albicans).
HIV: Destroys CD4+ T cells.
Blood cell distribution: "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" mnemonic.
Focus on starred items on charts.
Review diseases: influenza, Ebola, Zika, coronavirus.

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Description

Prepare for your upcoming exam with essential strategies focused on vaccination and immunology. This guide emphasizes the importance of studying PowerPoint objectives, understanding vaccine mechanisms, and reviewing key historical events related to immunization. Strengthen your knowledge on various vaccine types and their applications.