Microbiology Lecture 15: Immunization and Vaccination
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Questions and Answers

What is the age eligibility for the EUA vaccine as of 2/2022?

  • Ages 5 and up
  • Ages 18 and up (correct)
  • Ages 12 and up
  • Ages 21 and up

Which of the following vaccines is an example of a treatment vaccine?

  • MUC-1 vaccine (correct)
  • Hepatitis B vaccine
  • HPV vaccine
  • Flu vaccine

What is one main benefit of the inhalation or nasal spray method of vaccine administration?

  • It is a fast and easy method. (correct)
  • It ensures full absorption into the bloodstream.
  • It provides a strong immune response in the lymph nodes.
  • It induces secretory antibodies effectively.

Which antigen is associated with prostate cancer?

<p>IGF1R (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concerns were found in studies of COVID-19 vaccines regarding pregnancy?

<p>No safety concerns observed in pregnant animals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine does Johnson & Johnson use?

<p>Adenovirus vector vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method through which naturally acquired active immunity develops?

<p>Natural infection with pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines is NOT an mRNA vaccine?

<p>J&amp;J/Janssen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a type of natural passive immunity?

<p>Antibodies transferred through breastfeeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effectiveness range of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine?

<p>52%–81.9% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can maternal antibodies typically remain in a child after transfer?

<p>3 to 6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes artificially acquired active immunity?

<p>Immunity established through the use of antigens like vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many doses are required for the Moderna vaccine to achieve full vaccination?

<p>2 doses, 28 days apart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are researchers currently attempting to clone into the Vaccinia virus?

<p>Genes from other pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following infectious diseases may result in lifelong immunity after recovery?

<p>Measles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes artificially acquired passive immunity from other types?

<p>It requires the administration of ready-made antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine requires a booster dose?

<p>Both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is an example of naturally acquired active immunity?

<p>Being infected with chickenpox (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first dose interval for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine?

<p>21 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity can be characterized as short-lived and typically lasts just a few months?

<p>Naturally acquired passive immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecular techniques are involved in cloning genes for vaccines?

<p>PCR, DNA isolation, and restriction enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of killed/inactivated vaccines?

<p>They must not change the shape of antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is composed of antigenic fragments of a microbe?

<p>Subunit vaccines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might killed/inactivated vaccines be considered less effective?

<p>They can only generate one humoral response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using vector based recombinant vaccines?

<p>They express genes from non-pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about subunit vaccines is true?

<p>They stimulate antibody-mediated immunity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do microbes in alternative cell lines improve vaccine development?

<p>They learn to grow better in human cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common drawback of most vaccines that require boosters?

<p>They require significant health resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important factor when developing killed/inactivated vaccines?

<p>The proteins must not misfold after inactivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature requirement for storing the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine?

<p>-80˚C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine requires a storage temperature of 4˚C?

<p>Johnson &amp; Johnson (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the herd immunity threshold for measles?

<p>94% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases has a herd immunity threshold of 85%?

<p>Smallpox (A), Rubella (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated cost for one attempt to bring a drug to market?

<p>$1.1 billion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of achieving herd immunity in a population?

<p>Reduced likelihood of disease transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of transmission has a herd immunity threshold of 86%?

<p>Fecal-oral route for polio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ingredient in vaccines is commonly associated with allergic reactions in patients?

<p>Gelatin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of oral vaccine administration?

<p>It can induce secretory antibodies in mucus membranes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the subcutaneous vaccine administration method?

<p>It induces a localized immune response without significant systemic effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of direct injection of a vaccine?

<p>It allows the microbe access into the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What side effect can general vaccine administration induce?

<p>Interferon response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue resulted in the recall of the Gardasil vaccine?

<p>Contamination of the vaccine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception is linked to Andrew Wakefield's original research?

<p>Vaccines cause autism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of attenuated vaccines?

<p>They can exhibit residual virulence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important factor in the effectiveness of inhalation vaccines?

<p>They may lead to mucociliary clearance of the vaccine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cancer Vaccines

Vaccines that either prevent cancer by targeting viruses that cause it or treat existing cancer by boosting the immune system to attack cancer cells.

Subunit Vaccines

A type of cancer vaccine that protects against viral infections which can lead to cancer, like HPV or Hepatitis B.

Treatment Vaccines

A type of cancer vaccine that targets existing cancer by stimulating the immune system to attack cancer cells.

Direct Injection

Method of vaccine administration that delivers the vaccine directly into the bloodstream or muscle, stimulating immune response in lymph nodes.

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Inhalation or Nasal Spray

Method of vaccine administration that delivers the vaccine through the nose or lungs, providing fast delivery but limited impact on lymph nodes.

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Vector-based vaccines

Vaccines that use a harmless virus (vector) to deliver genes from a pathogen, triggering an immune response.

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Vaccinia virus

A virus used in vector vaccines to deliver genes from various pathogens, providing immunity against diseases like smallpox, anthrax, HPV, HIV, and herpes.

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mRNA vaccine

Vaccines that deliver genetic instructions (mRNA) to cells, teaching them how to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, triggering an immune response.

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Adenovirus vector vaccine

A vaccine type that uses a modified adenovirus (common cold virus) as a carrier to deliver a gene from the target pathogen.

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COVID-19 mRNA vaccines

Vaccines developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna that use mRNA technology to deliver genetic instructions for a specific antigen.

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J&J/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

A vaccine that uses an adenovirus vector to deliver a gene from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, triggering an immune response.

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Booster dose

An additional dose of a vaccine given after the initial vaccination series to enhance immunity.

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Vaccine effectiveness

The ability of a vaccine to prevent illness, measured as a percentage reduction in disease cases.

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Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity developed after exposure to antigens (like pathogens) through natural means. The body produces antibodies and memory cells in response.

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Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

Immunity acquired through natural transfer of antibodies from mother to child, usually during pregnancy or breastfeeding. The child receives ready-made antibodies.

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Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity developed after intentional exposure to a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen (vaccine) or toxin (toxoid). The body produces antibodies and memory cells in response to the controlled exposure.

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What are Maternal Antibodies?

Antibodies specifically transferred from the mother to the infant, primarily through the placenta during pregnancy and breast milk.

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How long does Naturally Acquired Active Immunity last?

It varies depending on the pathogen, some infections provide lifelong immunity (e.g., measles), while others offer protection for a few years (e.g., diphtheria).

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What is the difference between Natural and Artificial Immunity?

Natural immunity arises from exposure to pathogens in the environment. Artificial immunity is acquired through deliberate introduction of antigens, such as vaccines.

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What is a toxoid?

A chemically altered or inactivated toxin (poison) that is used in vaccines to induce immunity. The body learns to fight the toxin without causing actual disease.

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Why is it important to have herd immunity?

Herd immunity occurs when a large percentage of the population is immune to a disease, making it difficult for the disease to spread. This protects those who are not immune, such as infants or people with weakened immune systems.

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Vaccine Stability

The ability of a vaccine to maintain its effectiveness under different storage conditions, such as temperature.

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Refrigeration Requirement

The need for a vaccine to be stored at a specific temperature, typically in a refrigerator.

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Allergic Reactions to Vaccines

Adverse reactions to vaccines due to ingredients like gelatin or eggs.

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Herd Immunity

The protection of an entire population from a disease when a significant portion of individuals are immune, usually through vaccination.

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Herd Immunity Threshold

The percentage of a population that needs to be immune to achieve herd immunity and protect those who aren't vaccinated.

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Transmission Route

The way a disease spreads from one person to another.

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Disease Eradication

The complete elimination of a disease from a population.

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Vaccine Research Cost

The significant financial investment involved in developing and testing new vaccines.

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Oral Vaccines

Vaccines administered by mouth. They must be resistant to stomach acid and able to diffuse into the intestines.

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Subcutaneous Vaccines

Vaccines injected just under the skin. They trigger a local immune response, allowing the microorganism to replicate without widespread infection.

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Secretory Antibodies (IgA)

Think about the frontline defenders of your body's entry points.

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Direct Injection Vaccines

Vaccines injected directly into the body, targeting the lymphatic system for a systemic immune response.

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Inhalation Vaccines

Vaccines inhaled through the nose or respiratory tract, targeting the mucosal immune system.

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Mucus Membrane Response

A localized immune response triggered by vaccines administered orally or through inhalation, focusing on the mucosa.

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Vaccine Safety Concerns

Potential issues associated with vaccines, including side effects, residual virulence, contamination, and public misconceptions.

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Vaccine Recall

The withdrawal of a vaccine from the market due to safety concerns or problems with production.

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Culturing Microbes in Alternative Cell Lines

Growing microbes in cells that are similar to human cells but not exactly the same, helping them adapt to human cells better.

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Killed/Inactivated Vaccines

Vaccines containing dead, but previously harmful, microbe parts. These microbes are deactivated by heat or chemicals but keep their important parts (antigens) intact.

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Why Shape Matters in Killed Vaccines

The shape of the microbe's antigens (epitopes) must remain unchanged after inactivation. Heat can cause proteins to misfold, making them unrecognizable by the immune system.

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Immune Response to Killed Vaccines

The immune system will recognize and respond to various epitopes of the microbe, creating a broad immune response.

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Subunit Vaccines: Small Pieces, Big Impact

Vaccines containing only specific pieces (proteins) of a microbe. These pieces are carefully chosen to trigger an immune response that protects against the whole microbe.

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Examples of Subunit Vaccines

Hepatitis B vaccine uses the viral envelope protein, while HPV vaccine uses the capsid protein. These specific protein pieces are enough to trigger a protective immune response.

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Vector-Based Recombinant Vaccines

Genes from a pathogen (like a virus) are inserted into a harmless organism (vector). When injected, the vector expresses the pathogen's genes, triggering an immune response.

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Benefits of Vector-Based Vaccines

These vaccines can provide a safe way to induce an immune response without using the actual pathogen, reducing risks associated with traditional vaccines.

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Study Notes

Microbiology Lecture 15: Immunization and Vaccination

  • Lecturer: Patrick Daydif
  • Office: UCENT 356
  • Phone: (602) 496-0599
  • Email: [email protected]
  • Office Hours: Refer to Canvas or by appointment. Best contact method is face-to-face.

Types of Acquired Immunity

  • Natural:
    • Active: Antigens enter naturally (infection). Body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes.
    • Passive: Antibodies pass from mother to fetus (placenta) or infant (breast milk). Short-lived immunity.
  • Artificial:
    • Active: Antigens introduced via vaccines. Body develops antibodies and memory cells.
    • Passive: Pre-formed antibodies (immune serum) injected.

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

  • Immunity develops after natural infection.
  • Body produces antibodies & memory cells.
  • Duration varies
    • Some lifelong (e.g., smallpox, measles, chickenpox, yellow fever)
    • Some lost after a few years (e.g., diphtheria, tetanus)
    • Some shorter duration (e.g., influenza, pneumonia)

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

  • Antibodies from one individual (mother) transferred to another (child).
  • Child receives immunity from antibodies.
  • Maternal antibodies (IgA) also transferred via breast milk.
  • Short-lived immunity (3-6 months), though sometimes up to a year with greatly reduced effectiveness.

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

  • Intentional introduction of a chosen antigen (e.g., vaccine, toxoid)
  • Body develops antibodies.
  • Artificial because the antigens are intentionally introduced.
  • Active because the recipient's immune system generates the response.
  • Vaccines available for many pathogens (e.g., cholera, tuberculosis, plague, pneumonia, etc.). Toxoids available for diphtheria and tetanus.

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

  • Antibody therapy; introduction of antibody-rich serum.
  • Serum from a recovered individual given to a susceptible individual.
  • Also called monoclonal or convalescent therapy.
  • Provides immediate response.
  • Immunity only lasts 2-3 weeks.
  • Protects from viral diseases (e.g., hepatitis B, chickenpox, COVID-19) and bacterial diseases (e.g., botulism, diphtheria, tetanus).

Passive vs. Active Immunization

  • Passive: Injection; rapid, short-lived protection.
  • Active: Vaccination; slower onset, longer-lasting protection. Graph shows increasing antibody concentration over time.

Vaccines

  • Historical (e.g., smallpox):
    • Variolation used for centuries.
    • Jenner's work with cowpox led to vaccines.
  • General types:
    • Attenuated (live, weakened)
    • Killed/Inactivated
    • Subunit/Toxoid
    • Vector-based recombinant
  • Herd immunity: Protection of unvaccinated individuals.
  • Safety concerns: Allergies, residual virulence, etc.

Considerations of a Vaccine

  • Examples: Influenza Virus
  • Virus Subtypes Determined by: H and N antigens
  • Importance of: Regions on the virus; determining strain similarities/differences from year to year; conserved epitopes; variable epitopes.

Attenuated (Live, Weakened) Vaccines

  • Microbes weakened for use in vaccines.
  • Can replicate, making immunity stronger.
  • Must be carefully monitored to prevent reversion to virulence.

Killed/Inactivated Vaccines

  • Contain killed microbes.
  • Can't replicate.
  • Safer than live vaccines but often less effective.
  • Multiple doses (boosters)

Subunit Vaccines

  • Use antigenic fragments (protein) from the microbe.
  • Elicit an immune response.
  • Safer than live vaccines, generally less effective.

Vector-Based Recombinant Vaccines

  • Nonpathogenic vectors carry pathogen antigens.
  • Elicit an immune response against pathogen proteins.

COVID-19 Vaccines

  • Use different technologies (mRNA, adenovirus vector).
  • Aim for long-term protection.
  • Variants of concern may affect vaccine effectiveness.

Cancer Vaccines

  • Two types
    • Protect individuals from virus-related cancers.
    • Treating existing cancer by boosting the immune system and eliciting a cell-mediated response.
    • Examples of antigens include MUC-1 (breast), HER-2/neu, IGF1R, PDL-1, and others.

Method of Administration

  • Direct injection: Bypasses mucous membranes, promotes immune response in lymph nodes.
  • Inhalation/nasal spray: Localized response; may induce IgA antibodies.
  • Oral: Must withstand stomach acid; may induce IgA antibodies in gut.
  • Subcutaneous: Local replication but also systemic response.

Vaccine Safety & Problems

  • General side effects: Mild to moderate reactions.
  • Interferon response: Immune system's response to vaccine.
  • Residual virulence: Attenuated vaccines could revert.
  • Vaccine recalls: Contamination, other safety issues.
  • Public misconceptions: Incorrect beliefs about safety and effectiveness.
    • Andrew Wakefield and Jenny McCarthy.
  • Vaccine storage: Need refrigeration.
  • Allergic reactions: Certain ingredients can trigger allergies.
  • Research cost/government: High cost of vaccine development.

Herd Immunity

  • Vaccination of portion of population protects unvaccinated.
  • Reduces likelihood of infection to susceptible individuals.
  • Herd immunity thresholds vary by disease.

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MIC 205 Immunization and Vaccination Ch 17 PDF

Description

Explore the concepts of immunization and vaccination in this Microbiology Lecture 15. Understand the different types of acquired immunity, including natural and artificial methods, as well as specifics about active and passive immunity. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of how the immune system responds to infections and vaccines.

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