Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the age eligibility for the EUA vaccine as of 2/2022?
What is the age eligibility for the EUA vaccine as of 2/2022?
Which of the following vaccines is an example of a treatment vaccine?
Which of the following vaccines is an example of a treatment vaccine?
What is one main benefit of the inhalation or nasal spray method of vaccine administration?
What is one main benefit of the inhalation or nasal spray method of vaccine administration?
Which antigen is associated with prostate cancer?
Which antigen is associated with prostate cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
What concerns were found in studies of COVID-19 vaccines regarding pregnancy?
What concerns were found in studies of COVID-19 vaccines regarding pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of vaccine does Johnson & Johnson use?
What type of vaccine does Johnson & Johnson use?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary method through which naturally acquired active immunity develops?
What is the primary method through which naturally acquired active immunity develops?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following vaccines is NOT an mRNA vaccine?
Which of the following vaccines is NOT an mRNA vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following represents a type of natural passive immunity?
Which of the following represents a type of natural passive immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effectiveness range of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine?
What is the effectiveness range of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
How long can maternal antibodies typically remain in a child after transfer?
How long can maternal antibodies typically remain in a child after transfer?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes artificially acquired active immunity?
What characterizes artificially acquired active immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
How many doses are required for the Moderna vaccine to achieve full vaccination?
How many doses are required for the Moderna vaccine to achieve full vaccination?
Signup and view all the answers
What are researchers currently attempting to clone into the Vaccinia virus?
What are researchers currently attempting to clone into the Vaccinia virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following infectious diseases may result in lifelong immunity after recovery?
Which of the following infectious diseases may result in lifelong immunity after recovery?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes artificially acquired passive immunity from other types?
What distinguishes artificially acquired passive immunity from other types?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vaccine requires a booster dose?
Which vaccine requires a booster dose?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following scenarios is an example of naturally acquired active immunity?
Which of the following scenarios is an example of naturally acquired active immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first dose interval for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine?
What is the first dose interval for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of immunity can be characterized as short-lived and typically lasts just a few months?
Which type of immunity can be characterized as short-lived and typically lasts just a few months?
Signup and view all the answers
What molecular techniques are involved in cloning genes for vaccines?
What molecular techniques are involved in cloning genes for vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of killed/inactivated vaccines?
What is a key characteristic of killed/inactivated vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of vaccine is composed of antigenic fragments of a microbe?
What type of vaccine is composed of antigenic fragments of a microbe?
Signup and view all the answers
Why might killed/inactivated vaccines be considered less effective?
Why might killed/inactivated vaccines be considered less effective?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a benefit of using vector based recombinant vaccines?
What is a benefit of using vector based recombinant vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about subunit vaccines is true?
Which of the following statements about subunit vaccines is true?
Signup and view all the answers
How do microbes in alternative cell lines improve vaccine development?
How do microbes in alternative cell lines improve vaccine development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common drawback of most vaccines that require boosters?
What is a common drawback of most vaccines that require boosters?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an important factor when developing killed/inactivated vaccines?
What is an important factor when developing killed/inactivated vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the temperature requirement for storing the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine?
What is the temperature requirement for storing the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vaccine requires a storage temperature of 4˚C?
Which vaccine requires a storage temperature of 4˚C?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the herd immunity threshold for measles?
What is the herd immunity threshold for measles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following diseases has a herd immunity threshold of 85%?
Which of the following diseases has a herd immunity threshold of 85%?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the estimated cost for one attempt to bring a drug to market?
What is the estimated cost for one attempt to bring a drug to market?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the benefit of achieving herd immunity in a population?
What is the benefit of achieving herd immunity in a population?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of transmission has a herd immunity threshold of 86%?
Which route of transmission has a herd immunity threshold of 86%?
Signup and view all the answers
What ingredient in vaccines is commonly associated with allergic reactions in patients?
What ingredient in vaccines is commonly associated with allergic reactions in patients?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary advantage of oral vaccine administration?
What is a primary advantage of oral vaccine administration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes the subcutaneous vaccine administration method?
Which statement accurately describes the subcutaneous vaccine administration method?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential drawback of direct injection of a vaccine?
What is a potential drawback of direct injection of a vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
What side effect can general vaccine administration induce?
What side effect can general vaccine administration induce?
Signup and view all the answers
What issue resulted in the recall of the Gardasil vaccine?
What issue resulted in the recall of the Gardasil vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
What misconception is linked to Andrew Wakefield's original research?
What misconception is linked to Andrew Wakefield's original research?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of attenuated vaccines?
What is a characteristic of attenuated vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an important factor in the effectiveness of inhalation vaccines?
What is an important factor in the effectiveness of inhalation vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Microbiology Lecture 15: Immunization and Vaccination
- Lecturer: Patrick Daydif
- Office: UCENT 356
- Phone: (602) 496-0599
- Email: [email protected]
- Office Hours: Refer to Canvas or by appointment. Best contact method is face-to-face.
Types of Acquired Immunity
-
Natural:
- Active: Antigens enter naturally (infection). Body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes.
- Passive: Antibodies pass from mother to fetus (placenta) or infant (breast milk). Short-lived immunity.
-
Artificial:
- Active: Antigens introduced via vaccines. Body develops antibodies and memory cells.
- Passive: Pre-formed antibodies (immune serum) injected.
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
- Immunity develops after natural infection.
- Body produces antibodies & memory cells.
- Duration varies
- Some lifelong (e.g., smallpox, measles, chickenpox, yellow fever)
- Some lost after a few years (e.g., diphtheria, tetanus)
- Some shorter duration (e.g., influenza, pneumonia)
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
- Antibodies from one individual (mother) transferred to another (child).
- Child receives immunity from antibodies.
- Maternal antibodies (IgA) also transferred via breast milk.
- Short-lived immunity (3-6 months), though sometimes up to a year with greatly reduced effectiveness.
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
- Intentional introduction of a chosen antigen (e.g., vaccine, toxoid)
- Body develops antibodies.
- Artificial because the antigens are intentionally introduced.
- Active because the recipient's immune system generates the response.
- Vaccines available for many pathogens (e.g., cholera, tuberculosis, plague, pneumonia, etc.). Toxoids available for diphtheria and tetanus.
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
- Antibody therapy; introduction of antibody-rich serum.
- Serum from a recovered individual given to a susceptible individual.
- Also called monoclonal or convalescent therapy.
- Provides immediate response.
- Immunity only lasts 2-3 weeks.
- Protects from viral diseases (e.g., hepatitis B, chickenpox, COVID-19) and bacterial diseases (e.g., botulism, diphtheria, tetanus).
Passive vs. Active Immunization
- Passive: Injection; rapid, short-lived protection.
- Active: Vaccination; slower onset, longer-lasting protection. Graph shows increasing antibody concentration over time.
Vaccines
-
Historical (e.g., smallpox):
- Variolation used for centuries.
- Jenner's work with cowpox led to vaccines.
-
General types:
- Attenuated (live, weakened)
- Killed/Inactivated
- Subunit/Toxoid
- Vector-based recombinant
- Herd immunity: Protection of unvaccinated individuals.
- Safety concerns: Allergies, residual virulence, etc.
Considerations of a Vaccine
- Examples: Influenza Virus
- Virus Subtypes Determined by: H and N antigens
- Importance of: Regions on the virus; determining strain similarities/differences from year to year; conserved epitopes; variable epitopes.
Attenuated (Live, Weakened) Vaccines
- Microbes weakened for use in vaccines.
- Can replicate, making immunity stronger.
- Must be carefully monitored to prevent reversion to virulence.
Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
- Contain killed microbes.
- Can't replicate.
- Safer than live vaccines but often less effective.
- Multiple doses (boosters)
Subunit Vaccines
- Use antigenic fragments (protein) from the microbe.
- Elicit an immune response.
- Safer than live vaccines, generally less effective.
Vector-Based Recombinant Vaccines
- Nonpathogenic vectors carry pathogen antigens.
- Elicit an immune response against pathogen proteins.
COVID-19 Vaccines
- Use different technologies (mRNA, adenovirus vector).
- Aim for long-term protection.
- Variants of concern may affect vaccine effectiveness.
Cancer Vaccines
- Two types
- Protect individuals from virus-related cancers.
- Treating existing cancer by boosting the immune system and eliciting a cell-mediated response.
- Examples of antigens include MUC-1 (breast), HER-2/neu, IGF1R, PDL-1, and others.
Method of Administration
- Direct injection: Bypasses mucous membranes, promotes immune response in lymph nodes.
- Inhalation/nasal spray: Localized response; may induce IgA antibodies.
- Oral: Must withstand stomach acid; may induce IgA antibodies in gut.
- Subcutaneous: Local replication but also systemic response.
Vaccine Safety & Problems
- General side effects: Mild to moderate reactions.
- Interferon response: Immune system's response to vaccine.
- Residual virulence: Attenuated vaccines could revert.
- Vaccine recalls: Contamination, other safety issues.
-
Public misconceptions: Incorrect beliefs about safety and effectiveness.
- Andrew Wakefield and Jenny McCarthy.
- Vaccine storage: Need refrigeration.
- Allergic reactions: Certain ingredients can trigger allergies.
- Research cost/government: High cost of vaccine development.
Herd Immunity
- Vaccination of portion of population protects unvaccinated.
- Reduces likelihood of infection to susceptible individuals.
- Herd immunity thresholds vary by disease.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the concepts of immunization and vaccination in this Microbiology Lecture 15. Understand the different types of acquired immunity, including natural and artificial methods, as well as specifics about active and passive immunity. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of how the immune system responds to infections and vaccines.
