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Questions and Answers
What are the primary reasons for the use of Air Transportation?
What are the primary reasons for the use of Air Transportation?
What is the most important factor that determined the mode of air freight?
What is the most important factor that determined the mode of air freight?
What are the strengths of Air Transportation?
What are the strengths of Air Transportation?
Air transportation is a frequently used mode of transport.
Air transportation is a frequently used mode of transport.
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Which of the following are limitations of air transportation?
Which of the following are limitations of air transportation?
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What are the strengths of Road Transportation?
What are the strengths of Road Transportation?
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Road transport is the most common mode of transport for the transport of large commoditities.
Road transport is the most common mode of transport for the transport of large commoditities.
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What are some of the limitations associated with road transport?
What are some of the limitations associated with road transport?
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What are the 4 main types of commercial road freight vehicles?
What are the 4 main types of commercial road freight vehicles?
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Which of the following transportation networks are limited to fixed routes?
Which of the following transportation networks are limited to fixed routes?
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What is the primary purpose of a pipeline?
What is the primary purpose of a pipeline?
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Pipeline transportation is the most environmentally sound, cost-effective way to transport most goods.
Pipeline transportation is the most environmentally sound, cost-effective way to transport most goods.
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What are some examples of goods transported by pipeline?
What are some examples of goods transported by pipeline?
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What are the strengths associated with sea transport?
What are the strengths associated with sea transport?
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Sea transport is the most commonly used mode of transport when transporting large amounts of goods.
Sea transport is the most commonly used mode of transport when transporting large amounts of goods.
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Which of the following is NOT a mode of transport that has been discussed in this chapter?
Which of the following is NOT a mode of transport that has been discussed in this chapter?
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List the 7 common types of vessels used in sea transport.
List the 7 common types of vessels used in sea transport.
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Which of the following is a limitation of sea transportation?
Which of the following is a limitation of sea transportation?
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Sea transport is generally only used for the transport of bulk commodities.
Sea transport is generally only used for the transport of bulk commodities.
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Which of the following is a type of terminal?
Which of the following is a type of terminal?
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What is the purpose of a terminal?
What is the purpose of a terminal?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of terminals?
Which of the following is NOT a function of terminals?
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What are the three broad categories of goods that are usually transported in a transportation network?
What are the three broad categories of goods that are usually transported in a transportation network?
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What are 5 key factors that influence transport costs?
What are 5 key factors that influence transport costs?
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Transporting hazardous materials is extremely expensive.
Transporting hazardous materials is extremely expensive.
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for government involvement in the transport system?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for government involvement in the transport system?
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Government intervention is always beneficial to the transport sector.
Government intervention is always beneficial to the transport sector.
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Why does the government provide costly infrastructure and public goods?
Why does the government provide costly infrastructure and public goods?
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Which of the following is a reason for government involvement in the transport system?
Which of the following is a reason for government involvement in the transport system?
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A key role of the government is to ensure that the transport system is affordable and accessible.
A key role of the government is to ensure that the transport system is affordable and accessible.
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Study Notes
Air Transport
- Fast short transit times
- Long-distance service
- High-value freight
- Four carrier types:
- Air parcel postal services
- Couriers and express services
- Passenger aircraft (cargo in holds)
- Freight (all cargo) aircraft
- Air freight factors include:
- Commodity type
- Distribution nature
- Demand characteristics
- Strengths:
- Short transit times
- Long distance
- Reliable
- High goods security
- Low packaging cost
- Limitations:
- Not door-to-door (terminal-bound)
- Low carrying capacity
- Low frequency (compared to road)
- Terminal congestion
- Sensitive to inclement weather at terminals
- Low accessibility (market coverage)
- High unit costs
Road Transport
-
Operational overview:
- Comprehensive
- Flexible
- Versatile
- Reliable
-
Types of commercial road freight vehicles:
- Rigid vehicles (single unit with 2-3 axles)
- Combination vehicles (4 groups):
- Rigid truck and trailer
- Truck tractor and semi-trailer
- Truck tractor with two interlinked semi-trailers
-
Types of trailers and semi-trailers:
- Vans
- Refrigerated vans
- Container carriers
- Flatbed trailers
- Low-bed semi-trailers
- Tankers
- Livestock trailers
- Dry bulk (hoppers)
- Furniture vans (pantechnicon)
- Motorcar carriers
- Side stanchion trailers
- Open-top trailers
-
Strengths:
- Door-to-door service
- Accessible (good market coverage)
- Secure (few transfers)
- Fast on door-to-door basis
- Flexible/adaptable
- Frequent
-
Limitations:
- Carrying capacity
- Environmental impact
- Vulnerability to external factors
- High energy consumption
- Shared right of way
Rail Transport
- Operational overview:
- Limited to fixed routes
- Terminal-to-terminal service
- Freight characteristics:
- Suitable for large, high-density commodities and bulk consignments over long distances at low cost.
- Train and wagon types:
- Unit trains
- Wagon-load trains
- Covered wagons (vans)
- Refrigerated wagons (refrigerated vans)
- Flat wagons
- Tank wagons
- Well wagons
- Open wagons
- Hopper wagons
- Side stanchion and centre partition wagons
- Motorcar wagons
- Strengths:
- Able to carry comprehensive range of goods
- Bulk carrier over long distance
- Efficient over long hauls
- Exclusive right of way
- Not affected by inclement weather
- Dedicated unit trains can achieve short transit times
- Possibility of private sidings can improve accessibility
- Energy-efficient
- Low accident rate
- Limitations:
- Not door-to-door (terminal-bound); needs to be supplemented
- Needs robust packaging; high damage record
- Inconsistent service
- Requires high capital investment
- Vulnerable to pilferage of goods
- High degree of empty running
Pipeline Transport
- Operational overview:
- Long-distance transportation of liquids or gases through a system of pipes
- Strengths:
- Environmentally sound
- Large volume over long distance at low cost and risk
- Reliable and secure
- Low unit cost
- Tank-to-tank service (no transfers)
- Limitations:
- Limited range of commodities
- Fixed routes and terminals
- Inflexible service
- High investment cost
Sea Transport
- Operational overview:
- Most cost-effective way of transporting high-bulk commodities over long distances
- Most widely used international shipment method
- Highly specialized since the 1960s (seven major vessel types used):
- Bulk carriers (unpacked dry goods and tankers for fluids)
- Container vessels
- Conventional cargo vessels
- Strengths:
- Low-cost unit
- Large volumes over long distances
- Little congestion on open sea
- Safe and secure service
- Limitations:
- Terminal-to-terminal service only
- Vulnerable to inclement weather/rough seas
- Slow and low-frequency service
- Freight characteristics:
- Wide variety of freight at relatively low cost
- Vast majority of shipments not sensitive to short delivery times
Terminals
- A terminal is an area at the end of a route, where routes meet, branch out, or cross, and where goods are transferred.
- Transport systems consist of links (to accommodate mobility for modes and goods) and nodes (fixed points in the system or network where modes and goods come to rest).
- A terminal is a type of node.
- Types of terminals:
- Airports
- Road terminals
- Rail terminals (break-bulk, bulk, roll-on/roll-off, intermodal)
- Tank farms
- Seaports
- Functions of terminals:
- Freight consolidation
- Bulk breaking
- Warehouse and transfer services
- Vehicle services
Goods Carried
- Three broad groups of goods:
- Raw materials
- Semi-finished goods
- Finished goods
- Five factors influencing transport costs:
- In-transit care necessary
- Density
- Size and divisibility
- Stowage ability and ease of handling
- Potential liability of goods
- Dangerous goods:
- Table of dangerous goods classifications (combustibles, contaminants, corrosives, explosives, inflammables, malodorous materials, oxidisers, poisons, radioactive materials, water reactors)
Government as Stakeholder
- Reasons for government involvement:
- Control of excessive competition
- Coordination of transport
- Integration of transport with economic policy
- Maintenance of safety, security, and order
- Provision of costly infrastructure
- Provision of public goods
- Recovery of the true resource cost of transport inputs
- Regulation of harmful conduct and externalities
- Restraint of monopoly power
- Social support
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