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• The term Orthodontics was first coined by Le Felon in 1839
• Orthodontics comes from the Greek words "orthos" (right or correct) and "odontos" (tooth)

Definitions of Orthodontics

• Moyers defines orthodontics as the branch of dentistry focused on the growth of the craniofacial complex, occlusion development, and treatment of dentoalveolar abnormalities
• Noyes defines it as studying the relationship of teeth to face development and correcting face development
• Salzman defines it as the science and art dealing with anomalies of tooth development, position, and the jaws
• The American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) and American Association of Orthodontics (AAO) deal with supervising the growth and development of dentition and related structures from birth to maturity

Malocclusion

• Malocclusion is anything beyond the accepted range of normal occlusion ("bad tooth")
• Guilford distinguished two types of malocclusion: developing (Type I) and fully-developed (Type II)

Common Characteristics and Unfavorable Sequelae of Malocclusion

• Common characteristics include overcrowded teeth, spacing, improper bites, and jaw disproportion
• Unfavorable sequelae can include poor appearance, poor oral hygiene, caries risk, periodontal disease, function abnormalities, psychosocial problems, trauma risk and Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) issues
• Functional abnormalities include cleft lip and palate problems (speech)
• Disproportion: retrognathic (class II) and prognathic (class III)

Aims of Orthodontic Treatment

• Treatment aims to achieve results that align with the patient's personality, enhancing their aesthetic appearance

Jackson's Triad

• Jackson's Triad includes Functional Efficiency (mastication, phonation), Structural Balance (teeth, soft tissue, skeletal structures), and Esthetic Harmony (tooth alignment, movement of complete dental arch including basal bone)

Types of Orthodontics

• Preventive orthodontics preserves normal occlusion at a specific time
• Interceptive orthodontics intercepts developing malocclusion and eliminates potential malpositions
• Corrective orthodontics uses fixed appliances (braces) after malocclusion manifests

Orthodontic Appliances

• Four types of orthodontic appliances can be used singly or in combination: removable, fixed, functional (myofunctional), and orthopedic/extraoral force appliances
• The best space maintainer for children is their deciduous dentition

Timing & Scopes of Orthodontic Intervention

• Orthodontic intervention timing is related to the stage of dentition: deciduous, early mixed, late mixed/early permanent, or late treatment
• Serial extraction involves extracting teeth to avoid braces
• Advantages of early treatment include reducing or eliminating abnormal swallowing and addressing speech problems while still in growth period

Scopes of Orthodontics

• Monitoring and assessing developing dentition.
• Correcting malocclusions of either dental or skeletal origin
• Adult orthodontics
• Using guards and managing dentofacial anomalies

Adult Orthodontics

• Adjunctive orthodontic procedures facilitate other dental treatments, such as uprighting teeth for bridge work or creating space for implants
• Comprehensive treatment involves full-fledged orthodontics, possibly with extractions

Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment

• Improved confidence
• Easier to clean and maintain teeth along with better positioned teeth, lessening gum disease chance
• Closed spaces to avoid bridge or denture need
• Improved chewing
• Better food digestion

Correlation to Other Disciplines

• General & Oral Anatomy
• Oral Histology & Physiology
• Pediatric Dentistry
• Nutrition
• Prosthodontics
• Restorative Dentistry
• Oral Surgery
• Periodontics
• Roentgenology

History of orthodontics

• Orthodontics started in the 19th century as a science, the beginning of human history already showed how important a proper bite is for survival

Introduction of the term orthodontics

• Regulations prior to 1900s
• Orthodontia up to 1930s (that is referred to as a medical condition
• Orthodontics up to 1970s, currently orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics
• Ortho means straightening of teeth

Ancient Civilization

• Egyptian mummies were found with crude metals wrapped around teeth
• Catgut was used to close teeth gaps, like nylon
• Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.), the first to separate medicine from religion, noted teeth and jaw irregularities
• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) studied teeth in "De Partibus Animalium," comparing animal dentitions
• Aulius Cornelius Celcus (25 B.C. to 50 A.D.) described finger pressure
• Gaius Pliny Secundus (A.D. 23-79) suggested filing elongated teeth

Middle Ages Through the 17th Century

• Pierre Dionis (1658-1718) mentioned "separators" and commented on dental irregularity etiology

18th Century

• Pierre Fauchard (1678-1761), the "Father of Modern Dentistry," developed the first orthodontic appliance in 1723 called Bandelette, and developed the method of tying teeth to crude metal plates with brass or silver wire
• John Hunter (1728-1793) gave nomenclature for incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars in "The Natural History of Human Teeth"
• Philip Pfaff reported using Plaster of Paris for impressions in 1756
• Bunon first used the term Orthopedics to relate to correction of malocclusion in 1743

19th Century

• Joseph Fox wrote books (1803-1806) with malocclusion correction directions
• Joseph Sigmond (1825) recognized habit as a factor
• William Imrie (1834) mentioned thumbsucking
• Friedrich Christoph Kneisel (1836)
• Published the first book (German) on malocclusion of the teeth
• Attempted the first classification of malocclusion and was the first to advocate the use of removable appliances
• Introduced the modern impression tray
• First to use plaster model to record malocclusion
• Joachim Lefoulon (1839-1841) first coined "Orthodontia" and combined labial and lingual arches
• JS Gunnell introduced the chin strap (occipital anchorage) in 1840
• JMA Sehange of France described a clamp band with a screw, and William Lintott (1841) introduced screws and linked premature loss of deciduous teeth to malocclusion
• Norman William Kingsley (1829-1913) devised "Jumping the bite" in 1866 and used vulcanite, ligatures, elastic bands, Jackscrews, and the chin cap
• Emerson C. Angel (1823-1903) advocated median suture opening in 1860 and began arch expansion
• Angel introduced the expansion arch
• John Nutting Farrar(1839-1913) "Father of American Orthodontics"
• Developed molar bands on the teeth as early as 1871(William and Magill)
• Presented his classification of malocclusion(Edward H. Angle)
• Henry A.Baker introduced the so-called Baker's anchorage or the use of the intermaxillary elastics with rubber bands in 1893

20th Century

• Edward Hartley Angle (1855-1930), the "Father of Modern Orthodontics," organized the first orthodontic society
• Organized the first orthodontic society and called it as The Society of Orthodontics(Angle's Contribution to Orthodontics.)
• Established the magazine, a quarterly titled The American(American Association of Orthodontists.)
• He presented his classification of malocclusion(Edward H. Angle)
• Pin and Tube Appliance, E-arch appliance(Appliances Contributed by Angle)
• He introduced Edgewise Appliance(Edward angle, brackets of today)
• In1887 Publishes the first edition of his textbook,
• Other Orthodontic Pioneers of the Early 20th Century include Calvin Case, Charles A. Hawley produced The Hawley Retainer, Raymon Begg presented The Beg Appliances
• HD KeslingIntroduced his philosophy tooth movement by using a rubber tooth positioning device in which the teeth were moved into a more ideal cuspal relationship after major correction has been accomplished.

Growth Principles

• Craniofacial growth guides orthodontic treatments to restore normal occlusion and facial harmony
• Growth is defined as increase in size (Todd), change in proportion (Krogman), self-multiplication (Huxley), change in morphology (Moss), biologic development quantitatively (Moyers), and a series of anatomic changes (Meredith)
• Development is defined as progress towards maturity (Todd & Moyers)

Types of Growth

• Cellular Hyperplasia: increase in cell number by mitotic division
• Cellular Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
• Tissue Level: accretionary, appositional, interstitial, meristematic, compensatory
• Growth at Tissue Level(Accretionary Growth) Increase in the amount of extracellular matrix

Growth Phases

• Prenatal fast cell growth
• Postnatal declines with the maturation of tissues
• Maturity: equilibrium period
• Old age: functional decline

Factors Affecting Growth

• Genetic, hormones, nutrition
• Illness, race, circadian rhythm, physique, socioeconomics
• Exercise, family size, secular trends, psychology
• Genetic factors have the most basic control of growth.
• Affect Growth Hormones and Growth Factors.

Other Growth Factors

• postnatal growth is by growth hormone somatotropin and somastatin affects
• Acromegaly results if there is secretion of growth hormone
• Hormones affect growth in bones, teeth, and brain
• Thyroid gland is stimulated by thyroid gland
• Other growth factors Insulin-like Growth Factor: I and II ,Platelet-derived Growth Factor, Epidermal Growth Factor Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Transforming Growth Factor-B

Nutrition

• Essential for proper nutrition
• Can be permanently affect is there's poor nutrition at critical stages
• Process get accelerate if replacement when deficient nutrient

Others Factors

• Illness, Asthma
• Race, Climate , Nutritional , Socioeconomic
• Season and Circadian, Spring than autumn
• Adult Physique
• Women that are tall mature later.
• Socioeconomic - Is the the factor.
• Exercise

Family Factors

• family the first born has more weight. children are tend that born weight and achieve stature in higher IQ

secular trends

• psychological disturbance
• secular trends 15 - year old boys are approximately 5 inches taller than 15- year old boys were 50 years ago
• growth hormone shows inhibition
• Methods of studying physical growth

Measure

• can't measure what we feel.
• non invasive
• Craniometry
• is where measurement of human skull.
• Anthropometry
• is what skeletal measurements are on a individual measuring.
• cephalometric study

experimental

• harm animal growth sites
• Growth sites can occur at growth centers, but all growth sites are not growth centers.

Experimental factor

• manipulate invasive that nature
• Vital staining
• radioisotopes
• Authotadiograhy
• Implant radiography
• Cartilage vs Bone

Bone and Cartilage

• bone is highly vascularized that matrix make it strong and vascular
• cartilage is the vice versus
• cartilage is thin

Cross studies

• growth attained a particular age -Longitudinal Studies involved the same object.
• Mixed/Semi-longitudinal Studies is both combine
• Scandian - it is based on tissue

Prenatal face Growth

• Prenatal
• Postnatal

Development

• period of ovum for phase in what
• 2 weeks of period and fourth day
• period of the embryo for 3 third week very crtitcal that you may see the defections the embryo like the viruses
• period of the fetus for 56 days if something happen on what defect do ypu see

result

• increase size and change in proportion of various structure occur
• the head increases by 5000 at 3 fold
• Mitosis is divided by 46 chromosomes
• Meiosis is to divide and what resulting the cells

events of of Pre-Natal fase

• Fertilization
• Fertilization and Morula Formation
• Blastocyst Formation and its Implantation

Face of the embriyo

• Bilabinar disc
• Epiblast - dorsally
• Hibroblast is cubidol
• Lays down the body
• 3rd week the Bilaminar.
• 1small dipersion location nearby

10 week of developmen of face

• Nerual fold
• Nerual plate
• Neuron crest cells
• Major tissues and organ differentiated from the trilaminarembryoy
• Nerus system from fold
• Crest cells in and migrate throughout body

Faces is developed

Mandiabukar dysplactics

5 weeks of developemn face

• Face has same what
• 1 or 2 mm wide
• lateral nasel
• medial nasel
• maxilar and amdiabula Failures may result the clef lit The growth of lateral remain causes does the note appear smaller
• maxiliary form the up
• 7 face and that _minor grooves are oval at small below side mouth

Procceses the form the clef

####### Steps of fusing lof uppe face 1 - step contact of epi 2 border of of nasal form lamin that we can called nasal fin 2 - the 2 of epi and fuse it to single sheet 3 - sheet penetration

• if there is Failure in any fo the in we can see ceft fin
• if there Haile
• PrimaryPalate:
• of part and forms what

####### Deelopmern or the plate

• in which with right left
• the that can that center

4 part of tungie

• Superior and Interior and verticusum transeversum
• the shapes of tongue

Tungie

• Origin inside of the tongue.
• Function of the tongue shape the tongue
• Terminalis is site of the union.

Temonogis

• Periosteal
• Growth

bone an carige

• the form from the top of what called tumerculum. ####### The tungic is Hypogastric -Elevate an depriation