UVM Soc 001 Exam 2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the expected behaviors of people occupying particular social positions called?

Social Position

Status

Identity

Roles (correct)

What term describes the social honor or prestige accorded to a particular group?

Status

Define social position.

The social identity an individual has in a given group or society.

What does impression management involve?

Preparing for the presentation of one's social role. Signup and view all the answers

What is civil inattention?

The process whereby individuals in the same physical setting glance at each other and quickly look away. Signup and view all the answers

What type of communication is captured through nonverbal means?

Nonverbal communication. Signup and view all the answers

What are response cries?

Seemingly involuntary exclamations individuals make. Signup and view all the answers

Define unfocused interaction.

Interaction occurring among people present in a particular setting but not engaged in direct communication. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of focused interaction?

Interaction between individuals engaged in a common activity or in direct conversation. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term encounter refer to?

A meeting between two or more people in a situation of face-to-face interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What does time-space pertain to?

When and where events occur. Signup and view all the answers

Define regionalization.

The division of social life into different regional settings or zones. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by clock time?

Time as measured by the clock, in terms of hours, minutes, and seconds. Signup and view all the answers

What is social interaction?

The process by which we act and react to those around us. Signup and view all the answers

Define agency in a social context.

The ability to think, act, and make choices independently. Signup and view all the answers

What is personal space?

The physical space individuals maintain between themselves and others. Signup and view all the answers

What does ethnomethodology study?

How people make sense of what others say and do in everyday social interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of conversation analysis?

Examines details of naturally occurring conversations. Signup and view all the answers

What does interactional vandalism refer to?

The deliberate subversion of the tacit rules of conversation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a back region in social interaction?

A space where individuals can relax and behave informally. Signup and view all the answers

Define front region.

Settings of social activity where people perform for others. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by compulsion of proximity?

People's need to interact with others in their presence. Signup and view all the answers

What is socialization?

The social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms. Signup and view all the answers

What does social reproduction entail?

The process of perpetuating values, norms, and social practices. Signup and view all the answers

Who are the agents of socialization?

Groups or social contexts within which socialization occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a peer group?

A friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status. Signup and view all the answers

Define age-grade.

The system found in small traditional cultures categorizing individuals by age. Signup and view all the answers

What does mass media refer to?

Forms of communication designed to reach mass audiences. Signup and view all the answers

What are social roles?

Socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status. Signup and view all the answers

Define identity in sociological terms.

The distinctive characteristics of a person's or group's character. Signup and view all the answers

What is social identity?

The characteristics attributed to an individual by others. Signup and view all the answers

Define self-identity.

The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity. Signup and view all the answers

What does cognition involve?

Human thought processes involving perception, reasoning, and remembering. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by social self?

The basis of self-consciousness in human individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Define self-consciousness.

Awareness of one's distinct social identity as a separate person. Signup and view all the answers

What is a generalized other?

The individual comes to understand the general values of a given group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A stage of human cognitive development dominated by perception and touch. Signup and view all the answers

Define preoperational stage.

A stage of cognitive development where a child masters basic logical thought. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of egocentric thinking?

Understanding objects and events solely in terms of one's own position. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concrete operational stage describe?

A stage of cognitive development based on physical perception of the world. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formal operational stage?

A stage of cognitive development capable of handling abstract concepts. Signup and view all the answers

Define race socialization.

The specific messages regarding race transmitted to younger generations. Signup and view all the answers

What does gender role socialization involve?

The learning of gender roles through social factors like media and family. Signup and view all the answers

What are gender roles?

Social roles assigned to each sex labeled as masculine or feminine. Signup and view all the answers

Define social group.

A collection of people who regularly interact based on shared expectations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a social aggregate?

A simple collection of people who happen to be together but do not interact. Signup and view all the answers

Define social category.

People who share a common characteristic but may not interact. Signup and view all the answers

What are primary groups?

Groups characterized by intense emotional ties and face-to-face interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary groups?

Groups characterized by large size and impersonal relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Define organization.

A large group of individuals with a definite set of authority relations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a formal organization?

A group designed to achieve its objectives through explicit rules and regulations. Signup and view all the answers

What are networks in a social context?

Sets of informal and formal social ties linking people to each other. Signup and view all the answers

What are in-groups?

Groups toward which one feels particular loyalty. Signup and view all the answers

Define out-groups.

Groups toward which one feels antagonism and contempt. Signup and view all the answers

What is a reference group?

A group that provides a standard for judging one's attitudes or behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a dyad?

A group consisting of two persons. Signup and view all the answers

What is a triad?

A group consisting of three persons. Signup and view all the answers

Define bureaucracy.

A type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy and written rules. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ideal type?

A 'pure type' constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item. Signup and view all the answers

Define formal relations.

Relations that exist in groups laid down by official rules. Signup and view all the answers

What are informal relations?

Relations based on personal connections rather than official norms. Signup and view all the answers

What does surveillance entail?

The supervising of activities by others to ensure compliant behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What are timetables in organizations?

The means by which organizations regularize activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the iron law of oligarchy?

Large organizations tend toward centralization of power. Signup and view all the answers

Define oligarchy.

Rule by a small minority within an organization or society. Signup and view all the answers

What does information and communications technology refer to?

Forms of technology requiring microelectronic circuitry for information processing. Signup and view all the answers

What are norms?

Rules of conduct specifying appropriate behavior in social situations. Signup and view all the answers

What is deviance?

Modes of action that do not conform to societal norms. Signup and view all the answers

Define deviant subculture.

A subculture whose members hold values differing from the majority. Signup and view all the answers

What is a sanction?

A mode of reward or punishment reinforcing expected behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What are laws?

Rules established by political authority and backed by state power. Signup and view all the answers

What is crime?

The result of actions contravening established laws. Signup and view all the answers

Define anomie.

A situation in which social norms lose their hold over behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is relative deprivation?

Deprivation felt by comparing oneself with a group. Signup and view all the answers

What is differential association?

Criminal behavior is learned through association with others engaging in crime. Signup and view all the answers

What does labeling theory suggest?

People become 'deviant' due to labels attached to their behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is primary deviation?

Actions that cause others to label one as deviant. Signup and view all the answers

Define secondary deviation.

Occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly. Signup and view all the answers

What is conflict theory?

The argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political. Signup and view all the answers

Define control theory.

The theory viewing crime as the outcome of imbalances between impulses and controls. Signup and view all the answers

What is white-collar crime?

Criminal activities carried out by those in professional jobs. Signup and view all the answers

Define corporate crime.

Offenses committed by large corporations in society. Signup and view all the answers

What is cybercrime?

Criminal activities involving electronic networks. Signup and view all the answers

What does community policing emphasize?

Crime prevention rather than law enforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is shaming in the context of deviance?

Punishing deviant behavior based on public disapproval rather than incarceration. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Roles: Expected behaviors associated with social positions.
Status: Social honor or prestige assigned to specific groups within society.
Social Position: Identity of an individual within a group or society.
Impression Management: The act of preparing to present one's social role effectively.

Interaction and Communication

Civil Inattention: Mutual awareness among individuals in a shared space, demonstrated by quick glances.
Nonverbal Communication: Conveying messages through body language and facial expressions instead of words.
Response Cries: Involuntary exclamations that signal emotions or reactions.
Unfocused Interaction: Social engagement among individuals who are not in direct conversation.

Types of Interaction

Focused Interaction: Direct communication or joint activities between individuals.
Encounters: In-person meetings that involve face-to-face interaction.

Temporal and Spatial Dynamics

Time-Space: The context of when and where events occur.
Regionalization: Segmentation of social life into distinct areas.
Clock Time: Time measured by hours and minutes, contrasting with natural time cues.

Social Interaction: The reciprocal actions and reactions among individuals.
Agency: The capacity for independent thought and actions.
Personal Space: The physical distance individuals maintain to feel comfortable.

Sociological Approaches

Ethnomethodology: Examines the methods people use to interpret social interactions.
Conversation Analysis: Investigates patterns and structures in conversations to understand social organization.

Group Dynamics

In-groups and Out-groups: Groups that individuals identify with or oppose, respectively.
Primary Groups: Small, emotionally connected groups with intense personal relationships.
Secondary Groups: Larger, impersonal groups with brief interactions.

Socialization and Identity

Agents of Socialization: Influential groups that facilitate social learning, including family and peers.
Identity: The unique attributes that define an individual or group.
Self-Identity: Ongoing development of personal identity in relation to the world.

Developmental Stages

Cognitive Stages: Include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages, each representing different levels of cognitive abilities in children.

Deviance: Actions that violate the norms of a society.
Labeling Theory: Proposes that label assignment affects individuals' behaviors, creating deviant identities.
Control Theory: Views crime as the result of imbalance between societal pressures and regulatory controls.

Crime and Law

White-Collar Crime: Crimes committed by professionals in their business contexts.
Corporate Crime: Illegal actions by organizations that harm the public or marketplace.
Cybercrime: Illegal activities conducted via electronic means or information technology.

Community Policing: Emphasizes crime prevention through community engagement.
Shaming: A public disapproval method to address deviant behavior without imprisonment.

Norms and Values

Norms: Behavioral rules that guide social conduct.
Anomie: A state of normlessness where social norms fail to govern individual behavior.

These notes provide a foundational understanding of sociological concepts related to roles, identities, group dynamics, social interactions, and deviance.

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Test your understanding of key sociological concepts with these flashcards from UVM Soc 001 Exam 2. From roles and statuses to social positions and impression management, this quiz covers essential terms that define social behavior and identity. Perfect for exam preparation and reinforcing your knowledge in sociology.