Uterine Cycle and Endometrium Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary hormone responsible for the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

  • Progesterone (correct)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Oxytocin
  • Estrogen

    • What is the term for the shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium?

  • Ovulation
  • Menstruation (correct)
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase

    • Which layer of the endometrium remains viable after menstruation?

  • Functional layer
  • Myometrium
  • Perimetrium
  • Basal layer (correct)

    • What is the outermost layer of the ovary composed of?

    <p>Tunica albuginea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period of uterine cycle where the endometrium is prepared for implantation?

    <p>Secretory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the uterine glands during the secretory phase?

    <p>Coiled and branched with glycogen accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells surround the oocyte in the secondary follicle?

    <p>Granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the growth of the follicle?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the cervix?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer of cells that forms around the growing follicle?

    <p>Theca interna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that forms when the follicle grows to a size of 10 mm?

    <p>Graafian follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer of cells that forms the inner lining of the follicle?

    <p>Granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal timing of ovulation in a typical 28-day menstrual cycle?

    <p>14th day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the scar tissue that forms after the corpus luteum degenerates?

    <p>Corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the ovarian cycle involves the release of an oocyte from the mature follicle?

    <p>Ovulatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the uterine glands in the endometrium?

    <p>To support implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates ovulation?

    <p>Lutropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of the uterus that is shed during menstruation?

    <p>Functional layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that forms from the residual follicular cells after ovulation?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epithelial lining of the oviduct?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of fetal development when oogonia undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes?

    <p>Before birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where some primordial follicles degenerate?

    <p>Follicular atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the follicle that produces a secondary oocyte?

    <p>Graafian follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of follicular development where the primary oocyte completes the first meiotic division?

    <p>Vesicular follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of cell that is produced after the first meiotic division?

    <p>Secondary oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a secondary oocyte is fertilized and becomes an ovum?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many primordial follicles typically mature into primary follicles every month?

    <p>Up to 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the primordial follicle?

    <p>It is the smallest follicle with a single layer of flat granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an antral follicle and a Graafian follicle?

    <p>Presence of an antrum, with Graafian follicles having a large antrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which follicles that do not ovulate undergo degeneration?

    <p>Follicular atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the follicle that is ready to release an oocyte?

    <p>Graafian follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of cells that forms around the growing follicle?

    <p>Theca folliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the primary follicle?

    <p>It has a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that surrounds the oocyte in the secondary follicle?

    <p>Zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the ischemic area that develops in the mature dominant follicle before ovulation?

    <p>It is a translucent area where tissue compaction has blocked blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the residual follicular cells after ovulation?

    <p>They form the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period of the ovarian cycle where the oocyte is released from the mature follicle?

    <p>Ovulatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the corpus albicans?

    <p>It is a scar of connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the oocyte is released from the ovary?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many oocytes are typically liberated during each cycle?

    <p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the developing follicle that contains an oocyte?

    <p>Primary follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the follicle degenerates?

    <p>Atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mature follicle that is ready to release an oocyte?

    <p>Graafian follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which follicular cells and oocytes are disposed of during follicular atresia?

    <p>Apoptosis of granulosa cells and autolysis of the oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stages of development can follicles undergo atresia?

    <p>At any stage, including nearly mature follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the decline in maternal hormones just after birth?

    <p>It makes follicular atresia more prominent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of follicular atresia?

    <p>Collapse of the zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the granulosa cells in the antral follicle?

    <p>To provide nutrients to the oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the follicle that has undergone significant growth and differentiation, but has not yet ovulated?

    <p>Graafian follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the theca externa and theca interna?

    <p>Theca externa produces androgens, while theca interna produces estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Uterine Structure

    • The uterine structure consists of three layers: submucosal stratum (longitudinal), vascular stratum, and supravascular stratum (longitudinal).
    • The myometrium is a layer of smooth muscle that surrounds the endometrium.
    • The perimetrium is the outermost layer of the uterus.

    Uterine Cycle

    • The uterine cycle is a 28-day cycle that is influenced by estrogens and progesterone.
    • The cycle consists of three phases: proliferative phase (days 5-14), secretory phase (days 15-28), and menstrual phase (days 1-4).
    • During the menstrual phase, the functional layer of the endometrium is shed, leaving the basalis layer intact.
    • The proliferative phase is driven by estrogen and progesterone, resulting in the regeneration of the endometrium.
    • The secretory phase is dependent on progesterone, leading to the preparation of the uterus for implantation.

    Endometrial Histology

    • The endometrium consists of a simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and uterine glands.
    • The uterine glands have a simple columnar epithelium, straight tubules, and narrow lumens.
    • During the proliferative phase, the uterine glands are coiled and branched, with an accumulation of glycogen, and the lumens are dilated.

    Menstruation

    • When no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a drop in progesterone and estrogen levels.
    • This results in the constriction of coiled arteries, ischemia, and necrosis of the functional layer.
    • The rupture of arteries leads to hemorrhage, and the shedding of the functional layer, leaving the basalis layer intact.

    Cervix and Vagina

    • The cervix has a simple columnar epithelium and uterine glands.
    • The vagina has a stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, and circular and longitudinal muscle layers.

    Ovarian Cycle

    • The ovarian cycle consists of three phases: follicular phase, ovulatory phase, and luteal phase.
    • The follicular phase involves the development of primordial follicles to mature follicles.
    • The ovulatory phase involves the release of the oocyte from the mature follicle and its capture by the oviducts.
    • The luteal phase involves the formation of the corpus luteum from the residual follicular cells.

    Ovary

    • The ovary consists of the cortex, medulla, and tunica albuginea.
    • The primordial follicle consists of a primary oocyte, follicular cells, and a basement membrane.
    • The primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle, which consists of a primary oocyte, zona pellucida, granulosa cells, and a basement membrane.
    • The secondary follicle further develops into a tertiary follicle, which consists of a secondary oocyte, zona pellucida, corona radiata, and a basement membrane.

    Ovulation

    • Ovulation is the hormone-stimulated process by which the oocyte is released from the ovary.
    • Ovulation normally occurs around the 14th day of a typical 28-day cycle.
    • In humans, usually only one oocyte is liberated during each cycle.

    Corpus Luteum

    • After ovulation, the portion of the follicle left behind forms the corpus luteum.
    • The corpus luteum eventually degenerates into the corpus albicans, which is a scar of connective tissue.

    Ovarian Structure

    • The internal part of the ovary consists of loose connective tissue and blood vessels entering through the hilum from mesenteries.
    • The tunica albuginea is a layer of connective tissue that covers the ovary.
    • The cortex is the outer layer of the ovary, and the medulla is the inner layer.

    Follicle Development

    • Primordial follicles consist of a primary oocyte surrounded by follicular cells.
    • As the oocyte grows, it starts secreting zona pellucida.
    • The primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle, also known as a multilaminar primary follicle.
    • The secondary follicle further develops into a tertiary follicle.
    • The Graafian follicle is a mature follicle that reaches 10 mm in size.

    Oogenesis

    • Oogenesis begins in the female fetus, with primary oocytes arresting at prophase I in primordial follicles.
    • At puberty, a population of primordial follicles begins to develop each month, typically producing one female gamete (a secondary oocyte).
    • Oogonia are diploid cells that are the origin of oocytes, and they undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes.

    Monthly Ovarian Cycle

    • Up to approximately 20 primordial follicles mature into primary follicles every month.
    • Some primary follicles mature into secondary follicles, while others undergo atresia.
    • Typically, only one secondary follicle matures into a vesicular follicle.
    • The secondary oocyte is a haploid cell that is arrested in the second meiotic metaphase.

    Atresia

    • Follicular atresia is a degenerative process in which follicular cells and oocytes die and are disposed of by phagocytic cells.
    • Atresia can occur at any stage of follicular development, including nearly mature follicles.

    Ovulation

    • Ovulation is the hormone-stimulated process by which the oocyte is released from the ovary.
    • Ovulation normally occurs midway through the menstrual cycle, around the 14th day of a typical 28-day cycle.
    • In humans, usually only one oocyte is liberated during each cycle.

    Corpus Luteum

    • After ovulation, the portion of the follicle left behind forms the corpus luteum.
    • The corpus luteum then degenerates into the corpus albicans, a scar of connective tissue.

    Ovarian Cycle Phases

    • The ovarian cycle consists of three phases: follicular, ovulatory, and luteal.
    • The follicular phase involves the development of the primordial follicle into a mature follicle.
    • The ovulatory phase involves the release of the oocyte from the mature follicle and capture by the oviducts.
    • The luteal phase involves the residual follicular cells folding and becoming part of the corpus luteum.

    Oviduct Structure

    • The oviduct is lined by simple columnar epithelium with a lamina propria and tunica muscularis.
    • The tunica serosa is the outermost layer of the oviduct.

    Uterus Structure

    • The uterus is lined by simple columnar epithelium with a lamina propria and underlying endometrium.
    • The endometrium consists of functional and basal layers, with uterine glands in the functional layer.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and cyclic changes of the endometrium, including histological modifications during the uterine cycle. Topics include the myometrium, perimetrium, and the effects of estrogens and progesterone.

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