User-Centered Design Principles
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Questions and Answers

Why is it important to work with users in design and development?

  • Involvement of users is optional in the development process.
  • Developers are usually more experienced than users.
  • Users can provide insights into their unique needs and abilities. (correct)
  • Developers share common characteristics with users.

What is a common misconception developers may have about their relationship with users?

  • Users require less training on the systems they use.
  • Developers are better at using the systems they build. (correct)
  • Developers have a thorough understanding of all user needs.
  • Users have similar technological skills as developers.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the differences between developers and users?

  • Developers tend to be more diverse in age than users.
  • Developers have more intimate knowledge of the systems they build compared to users. (correct)
  • Users are typically less comfortable with technology than developers.
  • Users are generally more familiar with the technologies than the developers.

What can be a potential outcome of neglecting user input during system development?

<p>Initiation of systems that require extensive user training. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the diversity often found between users and developers?

<p>Users and developers tend to have different abilities and environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor that influences our attention according to the content?

<p>Our goals and interests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design technique can improve the ability to direct a user's attention?

<p>Grouping related information together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding from Tullis's research on attention?

<p>The second screen was easier to search due to visual arrangement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT recommended for effective perception design?

<p>Making spoken words as complex as possible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does focused attention allow us to do amidst competing stimuli?

<p>Concentrate on relevant information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What design implication helps enhance information perception according to the content?

<p>Utilizing borders and spacing to indicate grouping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of focusing our attention?

<p>To concentrate on relevant information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem arises from having information bunched together as noted in Tullis's findings?

<p>Difficulty in searching for specific details (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic relates to the ways in which users engage with tools and information?

<p>Cognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of cognition?

<p>General health (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognition affects how users understand and interact with language?

<p>Reading, speaking, listening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor may influence a user’s approach to collaboration?

<p>Socio-economic status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a misconception that designers have about users?

<p>All users are the same (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive process relates to how users bring back information to mind?

<p>Memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic can influence both cognitive ability and social dynamics among users?

<p>Educational level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for understanding how a user perceives information?

<p>Learning styles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between recall and recognition?

<p>Recall requires active memory retrieval, whereas recognition involves identification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is suggested to help aid memory according to design implications?

<p>Using familiar icons and consistent placement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is recognition easier than recall?

<p>Recall involves a more complex cognitive process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does reading have over listening?

<p>Reading is more permanent and can be reviewed easily. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive style might someone prefer if they respond better to visual representations?

<p>Spatial cognitive style. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an implication of using too many options in a design?

<p>It can overwhelm users and hinder decision-making. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process does problem-solving often involve?

<p>Conscious thought and reflective cognition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a suggested limit for options on a spoken menu to aid memory?

<p>Three options to keep it manageable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a functional requirement for robots?

<p>The robot should avoid obstacles within 3 seconds. (A), The robot should communicate effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of prioritizing requirements using the MoSCoW method?

<p>To categorize requirements into levels of importance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data gathering method involves observing a user performing a task?

<p>Observing user doing a task (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic should requirements ideally have?

<p>They should be testable and measurable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue that may arise with requirements over time?

<p>Requirements can change and lists grow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when writing requirements?

<p>Using vague or ambiguous terms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a functional requirement for user interactions?

<p>A customer service rep should be able to enter 3 issues in less than 15 minutes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to make decisions according to von Newmann and Morgenstern's approach?

<p>Exhaustively go through all the possibilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mental models play in user interaction with systems?

<p>They influence how users perceive the system’s functionality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method through which mental models are formed?

<p>Experience and training. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mental models differ from conceptual models?

<p>Mental models represent user understanding, while conceptual models assist in learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What design implication aids rapid decision-making for users on the move?

<p>Simple and memorable functions at the interface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can influence the formation of a user’s mental model?

<p>Interaction with the system over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, what may be a limitation when users develop mental models?

<p>Mental models can be over/underestimated initially. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes heuristics in decision-making?

<p>Heuristics simplify decisions using less information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Why involve users in design?

Involving users ensures the system meets their needs and is usable, preventing issues like poor communication, assumptions about user experience, and lack of user acceptance.

User Demographics

The characteristics of users, like age, gender, abilities, and how they use technology. These factors vary greatly from developers, making user input essential.

User Requirements

Specific needs and expectations from users that a system must fulfill. These can be functional (what the system does) or non-functional (how well it does it).

Mental Models

How a user understands a system's operation, based on their prior experiences. Designers should build systems aligned with these mental models for easier learning.

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Personas

Fictional representations of target users, capturing their goals, motivations, and behavior, helping designers make user-centered decisions.

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Attention

The ability to focus on specific information from the environment, filtering out distractions. Selecting what we pay attention to at any given moment.

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Focused Attention

Concentrating on a single task or piece of information, ignoring all other stimuli.

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Divided Attention

Splitting your focus between multiple tasks or pieces of information.

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Perception

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information from the world, transforming it into meaningful experiences.

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Perceptual Design Principles

Guidelines to ensure information is presented in a way that can be easily perceived and understood by users.

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Spacing in UI Design

The use of white space and arrangement of elements to improve readability and navigation.

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Clutter in UI Design

Excessive visual elements or information that makes it difficult for users to find what they need.

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Information Grouping

Organizing related information together to aid in user understanding and comprehension.

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What is Cognition?

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and understanding information. It encompasses how we think, learn, remember, and make decisions.

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Attention in Design

Attention is the ability to focus on specific information while ignoring distractions. In design, it's crucial to capture user attention and guide it towards important elements.

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Perception in Design

Perception is how we interpret and understand sensory information. Design should consider how users perceive visual elements like color, shape, and layout.

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Memory in Design

Memory plays a role in how users recall information and navigate interfaces. Designs should be consistent and memorable to facilitate user learning and retention.

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Reading, Speaking, and Listening in Design

Understanding language is crucial for design. Designs should be clear, concise, and accessible to users with varying reading abilities.

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Problem Solving in Design

Designers must understand how users solve problems and design interfaces that provide intuitive solutions.

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Planning and Decision Making in Design

Designers must consider how users make decisions and plan their actions. Interfaces should provide clear choices and guide users to the desired outcomes.

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Learning in Design

Designers should aim to create products that are easy to learn and use. The design should facilitate user understanding and skill development.

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Recognition vs Recall

Two types of memory retrieval: Recognition is identifying something you've seen before, while recall is bringing something back to memory without seeing it.

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Design for Memory: Recognition

Designing systems where users easily recognize elements, like menus, icons, or familiar patterns, reducing cognitive load.

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Design for Memory: Recall

Supporting users' ability to recall information, such as passwords, procedures, or specific actions in a system.

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Reading vs Listening

Reading requires active processing and decoding, while listening is more passive and requires immediate recall.

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Design Implications: Language

Considering how users process language in design, like limiting spoken menus to three items or offering multiple media formats for information.

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Cognitive Effort: Problem Solving

The mental processes involved in problem solving, planning, decision making, and reasoning, requiring reflective thought and conscious effort.

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Problem Solving: Tools and Artifacts

Using external tools and resources, like internet search, books, or notes, to support problem solving and decision making.

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Design for Cognitive Effort

Creating designs that minimize cognitive load, allowing users to focus on the intended task and reduce unnecessary mental effort.

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Functional Requirements

Describe what a system must do to meet user needs. Think of specific actions or tasks the system should be able to perform.

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Non-Functional Requirements

Describe how well a system performs, focusing on qualities like speed, reliability, or user experience.

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MoSCoW Prioritization

A method to rank requirements by their importance using four levels: Must, Should, Could, Won't.

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Data Gathering for Requirements

Using various methods like interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, or observing users to gather insights about their needs and how they use a system.

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User Interview

A structured conversation to gather information directly from users about their experiences, needs, and expectations.

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Focus Group

A group discussion with selected users to gather insights and feedback on a specific product or concept.

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Participatory Design

Involving users directly in the design process, allowing them to contribute ideas and shape the system.

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Requirements Changes

A common issue in large systems where user needs evolve, and requirement lists can grow, requiring constant adaptation and prioritization.

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What are mental models?

Mental models are how users understand a system's operation based on their prior experiences. They are formed through interactions, training, and exploration, and influence user behavior.

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Why are mental models important in design?

Designers must consider user mental models to create systems that are easy to learn and use. Systems designed without considering mental models can lead to confusion and frustration.

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How do we form mental models?

Mental models are formed through a combination of experience, training, exploration, and metaphors. They are not based on facts, but on how we interpret information.

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What is a conceptual model?

A conceptual model is a representation of a system that helps users understand how it works and what it can do. It's like a blueprint or guide.

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How do conceptual models relate to mental models?

Conceptual models influence the formation of mental models. They provide a framework for users to understand a system, which then shapes their individual mental models.

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What are heuristics?

Heuristics are simple rules of thumb used to make quick decisions or solve problems. They are often based on experience or intuition.

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How can heuristics be used in design?

Heuristics can be applied in design to make systems simple and intuitive. This can help users quickly find information and make decisions.

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What is the relationship between mental models and problem-solving?

Mental models play a critical role in problem-solving. They help users understand the problem, define the steps needed to solve it, and evaluate potential solutions.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Interaction Design - User Requirements

  • User requirements are crucial for successful design
  • Designers should understand their users deeply
  • Users have different characteristics, demographics, needs, and abilities from designers/developers.
  • Prioritizing user requirements is vital for effective product design.
  • Users' own mental models influence how they interact with a system.
  • Distinguishing between functional and non-functional requirements is important.
  • Functional requirements define 'what' the system should do.
  • Non-functional requirements address constraints or qualities like usability, reliability, and performance.
  • Understanding how users think and how they perceive, memorize, and use language to interact with a system, is critical.
  • User requirements are informed by data-gathering methods like interviews, focus groups, and observations.

User Requirements Example

  • Example functional requirements for a robot system:
    • "The robot must be able to pick up a glass"
    • "The robot must be able to climb stairs"
    • "The user must be able to stop the robot"
  • Example non-functional requirements:
    • "The robot should respond in 2 seconds"
    • "The robot speech should be clear"
  • Requirements may include diagrams, scenarios, or descriptions to clarify what is needed.

Mental Models

  • Mental models represent how users understand systems and how they work.
  • These are based on past experiences, training, and other factors.
  • User mental models might differ from what the design had intended.
  • Designers should consider and understand mental models to optimize systems for users' understanding/use.
  • User expectations are influenced by mental models and prior experiences.
  • These can aid or impede user-system interaction.

Personas

  • Personas are representations of core user groups.
  • Developed from real user characteristics, representing a synthesis of typical user traits.
  • Personas are used to prioritize user needs in design.
  • Personas are useful for testing ideas or assumptions, especially when designers don't have personal experience with users.
  • Be mindful of potential biases when creating personas.

Data Gathering for Requirements

  • Data gathering methods for requirements:
  • Interviews
  • Focus groups
  • Participatory design
  • Questionnaires
  • Observing users
  • Researching similar products
  • Data collection and analysis is crucial for accurate requirements.

Prioritizing User Requirements

  • Prioritization methods:
    • MOSCOW method (Must, Should, Could, Won't)
    • Ranking (High, Medium, Low)
  • Considerations:
    • Requirements can change over time.
    • Maintaining consistency in priorities throughout the design process is essential.

Writing Requirements

  • Clarity and specific language in user requirements documents are key.
  • Avoid vague language and ensure requirements are testable and measurable.
  • Focus on "what" the system should do rather than "how" it should do it.
  • Requirements should be complete, consistent, and addressed before implementation.

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Description

Explore the critical relationship between users and developers in the context of design and system development. This quiz delves into misconceptions, common practices, and design techniques that enhance user experience. Test your knowledge of user-centered design concepts and attention-related findings.

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