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Questions and Answers
Which country was a virtual protectorate of the USA?
Which country was a virtual protectorate of the USA?
- Nicaragua (correct)
- Honduras
- Costa Rica
- Panama
What event led to Costa Rica's president, General Federico Tinoco, responding with a pre-emptive military strike against Nicaragua?
What event led to Costa Rica's president, General Federico Tinoco, responding with a pre-emptive military strike against Nicaragua?
- Nicaragua's attack on Costa Rica
- USA's refusal to recognize Costa Rica's government (correct)
- USA's recognition of Costa Rica's government
- Nicaragua's support of Costa Rica's opposition
What was proclaimed in 1823 by the USA?
What was proclaimed in 1823 by the USA?
- The Declaration of Independence
- The American Dream
- The Treaty of Paris
- The Monroe Doctrine (correct)
When did Costa Rica and Nicaragua gain formal independence from Spain?
When did Costa Rica and Nicaragua gain formal independence from Spain?
What was Costa Rica proud of being, according to the text?
What was Costa Rica proud of being, according to the text?
Which country supported a rebel force that invaded Costa Rica and proclaimed a provisional government?
Which country supported a rebel force that invaded Costa Rica and proclaimed a provisional government?
Who was the military-political leader of Costa Rica during the conflict with Nicaragua?
Who was the military-political leader of Costa Rica during the conflict with Nicaragua?
What was the outcome of the 1948 invasion of Costa Rica by Nicaraguan National Guardsmen?
What was the outcome of the 1948 invasion of Costa Rica by Nicaraguan National Guardsmen?
Why did the USA intervene in the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua in 1947?
Why did the USA intervene in the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua in 1947?
Who was accused by Nicaragua in 1954 of supporting a plan to assassinate Anastasio Somoza?
Who was accused by Nicaragua in 1954 of supporting a plan to assassinate Anastasio Somoza?
What was the result of the 500 Costa Rica rebels, supported by the Somoza government, crossing the frontier from Nicaragua in January 1955?
What was the result of the 500 Costa Rica rebels, supported by the Somoza government, crossing the frontier from Nicaragua in January 1955?
What was the primary mode of hostility employed by Figueres and Somoza towards each other?
What was the primary mode of hostility employed by Figueres and Somoza towards each other?
What was the historical context of the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
What was the historical context of the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
What was the role of the OAS in the third Costa Rica/Nicaragua crisis?
What was the role of the OAS in the third Costa Rica/Nicaragua crisis?
What was the outcome of the crisis in January 1955?
What was the outcome of the crisis in January 1955?
In which year did the Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict begin?
In which year did the Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict begin?
What was the primary characteristic of the decision-making process in Costa Rica and Nicaragua during this conflict?
What was the primary characteristic of the decision-making process in Costa Rica and Nicaragua during this conflict?
How did the US diplomatic representatives in Costa Rica and Nicaragua influence the decision-making process?
How did the US diplomatic representatives in Costa Rica and Nicaragua influence the decision-making process?
What was the most frequent technique used to sustain the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
What was the most frequent technique used to sustain the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
How long did the Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict last, compared to the Ecuador/Peru and Honduras/Nicaragua conflicts?
How long did the Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict last, compared to the Ecuador/Peru and Honduras/Nicaragua conflicts?
Costa Rica and Nicaragua were the only countries involved in the conflict.
Costa Rica and Nicaragua were the only countries involved in the conflict.
The Monroe Doctrine was proclaimed in 1917.
The Monroe Doctrine was proclaimed in 1917.
Costa Rica was a virtual protectorate of the United States.
Costa Rica was a virtual protectorate of the United States.
General Federico Tinoco was recognized as Costa Rica's president by the United States.
General Federico Tinoco was recognized as Costa Rica's president by the United States.
Costa Rica and Nicaragua gained formal independence from Spain in 1823.
Costa Rica and Nicaragua gained formal independence from Spain in 1823.
The Costa Rica/Nicaragua crisis occurred in the 19th century.
The Costa Rica/Nicaragua crisis occurred in the 19th century.
Costa Rica and Nicaragua were colonized by Portugal.
Costa Rica and Nicaragua were colonized by Portugal.
The OAS sent a military force to resolve the third Costa Rica/Nicaragua crisis.
The OAS sent a military force to resolve the third Costa Rica/Nicaragua crisis.
Economic discrimination was a major factor in the Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict.
Economic discrimination was a major factor in the Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict.
The Costa Rican rebels were supported by the government of Costa Rica.
The Costa Rican rebels were supported by the government of Costa Rica.
Costa Rica and Nicaragua gained formal independence from Spain in 1823.
Costa Rica and Nicaragua gained formal independence from Spain in 1823.
The USA supported the government of Costa Rica during the conflict with Nicaragua.
The USA supported the government of Costa Rica during the conflict with Nicaragua.
The Organization of American States (OAS) played a key role in resolving the third Costa Rica/Nicaragua crisis.
The Organization of American States (OAS) played a key role in resolving the third Costa Rica/Nicaragua crisis.
José Figueres was the longtime dictator of Nicaragua.
José Figueres was the longtime dictator of Nicaragua.
The conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua lasted for over 25 years.
The conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua lasted for over 25 years.
The USA directly intervened in the Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict.
The USA directly intervened in the Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict.
The Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict lasted for 89 years.
The Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict lasted for 89 years.
Political hostility was a frequent technique used to sustain the conflict.
Political hostility was a frequent technique used to sustain the conflict.
The OAS was heavily involved in the decision-making process during the conflict.
The OAS was heavily involved in the decision-making process during the conflict.
The decision-making process in Costa Rica and Nicaragua was primarily democratic.
The decision-making process in Costa Rica and Nicaragua was primarily democratic.
What was the relationship between Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and how did the US influence this dynamic?
What was the relationship between Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and how did the US influence this dynamic?
How did Costa Rica's perception of itself impact its relationship with the US and Nicaragua?
How did Costa Rica's perception of itself impact its relationship with the US and Nicaragua?
What was the outcome of General Federico Tinoco's pre-emptive military strike against Nicaragua in 1918?
What was the outcome of General Federico Tinoco's pre-emptive military strike against Nicaragua in 1918?
What was the primary characteristic of the relationship between Costa Rica and Nicaragua during this period?
What was the primary characteristic of the relationship between Costa Rica and Nicaragua during this period?
How did the US impact the trajectory of Costa Rica's leadership during this period?
How did the US impact the trajectory of Costa Rica's leadership during this period?
What was the outcome of the 1948 Nicaraguan invasion of Costa Rica?
What was the outcome of the 1948 Nicaraguan invasion of Costa Rica?
What was the role of the United States in the 1947 conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
What was the role of the United States in the 1947 conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
What was the relationship between Costa Rica and Nicaragua before the 1948 crisis?
What was the relationship between Costa Rica and Nicaragua before the 1948 crisis?
Who was accused of supporting a plan to assassinate Anastasio Somoza in 1954?
Who was accused of supporting a plan to assassinate Anastasio Somoza in 1954?
What was the context of the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
What was the context of the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
What was the outcome of the 500 Costa Rica rebels, supported by the Somoza government, crossing the frontier from Nicaragua in January 1955?
What was the outcome of the 500 Costa Rica rebels, supported by the Somoza government, crossing the frontier from Nicaragua in January 1955?
What was the primary mode of hostility employed by Figueres and Somoza towards each other?
What was the primary mode of hostility employed by Figueres and Somoza towards each other?
What was the role of the OAS in the third Costa Rica/Nicaragua crisis?
What was the role of the OAS in the third Costa Rica/Nicaragua crisis?
How did the verbal hostility between Figueres and Somoza contribute to the persistence of the conflict?
How did the verbal hostility between Figueres and Somoza contribute to the persistence of the conflict?
What was the historical context of the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
What was the historical context of the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
What was the characteristic of the decision-making process in Costa Rica and Nicaragua during the conflict?
What was the characteristic of the decision-making process in Costa Rica and Nicaragua during the conflict?
Which technique had the greatest impact in sustaining the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
Which technique had the greatest impact in sustaining the conflict between Costa Rica and Nicaragua?
What was the duration of the Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict compared to the Ecuador/Peru and Honduras/Nicaragua conflicts?
What was the duration of the Costa Rica/Nicaragua conflict compared to the Ecuador/Peru and Honduras/Nicaragua conflicts?
What was the role of US diplomatic representatives in Costa Rica and Nicaragua during the conflict?
What was the role of US diplomatic representatives in Costa Rica and Nicaragua during the conflict?
How was the decision-making process during the conflict in Central America replicated?
How was the decision-making process during the conflict in Central America replicated?
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Study Notes
Costa Rica-Nicaragua Conflict
- The conflict lasted for 37 years (1918-1955), a relatively short duration compared to other post-World War I interstate conflicts in the Americas.
- Political hostility was the most frequent technique used to sustain the conflict, with the greatest impact.
Initial Phase of the Conflict
- Nicaragua supported a rebel force that invaded Costa Rica and proclaimed a provisional government in 1918.
- The new regime was recognized by Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala.
- Costa Rica's President General Federico Tinoco responded with a pre-emptive military strike against Nicaragua in 1918.
Period of Calm and Renewed Conflict
- A lengthy period of calm existed between the principal adversaries from 1919 to 1943.
- The conflict was renewed between Costa Rica's military-political leader, José Figueres, and Nicaragua's longtime dictator, Anastasio Somoza.
- Somoza, coping with a domestic political crisis, supported a left-wing Costa Rican president in 1947.
- The USA intervened and secured Nicaragua's withdrawal of forces from Costa Rica in exchange for renewed American support for Somoza.
Verbal Hostility and Violence
- Verbal hostility was employed by both leaders, especially from 1944 to 1955.
- It was highly personalized propaganda, with each leader viewing the other as an enemy and strongly encouraging the overthrow of the other.
- Violence occurred during two interstate crises between Costa Rica and Nicaragua.
Crises and Resolutions
- An invasion of Costa Rica by 1000 Nicaraguan National Guardsmen in December 1948 led to the movement of Costa Rican troops to the border and minor clashes in January-February 1949.
- The second crisis was resolved by an OAS inquiry commission and a military commission to supervise activity on the border.
- A third crisis occurred from January 8 to 20, 1955, involving 500 Costa Rica rebels supported by the Somoza government.
- The OAS sent a fact-finding mission, and the rebels were forced to withdraw from captured Costa Rican territory, ending the crisis.
Decision Process
- The decision process in both Costa Rica and Nicaragua was primarily authoritarian, with decision-making power concentrated in an individual, a junta, or a family.
- The decision process replicated the US decision process in other conflicts in which the USA was heavily involved as a conflict actor.
US Involvement
- The USA was the self-appointed hegemon of the Americas, and both Costa Rica and Nicaragua were heavily dependent on it.
- The USA dominated Nicaragua's government and political leaders, and continued this role informally long after it voluntarily ceased its direct control of Nicaragua in 1933.
- Costa Rica, like the hegemon of the Americas, proudly retained its image as an 'exceptional' state and society, incurring the hostility of the USA.
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