Early 19th Century US History

• The Era of Good Feelings followed the War of 1812, and was a period marked by a decline in partisan conflict.
• The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 resulted in Spain ceding Florida to the United States.
• The Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819 upheld the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States and strengthened federal power
• The Missouri Compromise of 1820 temporarily settled the issue of slavery's expansion by maintaining a balance of free and slave states.
• The Monroe Doctrine, announced in 1823, warned European nations against further colonization in the Western Hemisphere.
• The Industrial Revolution describes the shift from hand tools to machines and the rise of factories in the early 19th century
• The Erie Canal is a 363-mile-long artificial waterway, completed in 1825, that connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River.
• Eli Whitney's invention in 1793 revolutionized cotton production and increased the demand for slave labor.
• Free enterprise is the economic system in which private individuals and businesses control production and operate for profit.
• States' rights was a key issue in the debate over whether states could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.
• Planters were large Southern landowners who owned at least 20 slaves and dominated the economy
• The gang system was a labor system on plantations where enslaved people worked in groups from sunrise to sunset under the supervision of a driver
• Nat Turner led the 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia, resulting in stricter slave codes and greater fear among Southern whites.
• Slave codes were the legal restrictions that limited the rights of enslaved people and controlled every aspect of their lives.
• The Democratic Party was the political party that emerged in opposition to John Quincy Adams and supported Andrew Jackson
• The Corrupt Bargain refers to the controversial decision in the House of Representatives after the presidential election of 1824 resulted in no candidate winning a majority of electoral votes.
• The Spoils system is the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs, which became a key feature of Jacksonian Democracy
• The Tariff of Abominations was passed in 1828 and was seen as favoring the North and harming the South, leading to tensions over nullification.
• Trade unions were early labor unions formed in the 1820s and 1830s that sought to improve wages and working conditions
• The Panic of 1819 was an economic downturn caused by the collapse of land speculation and lending practices.
• The Monroe Doctrine was intended to warn European nations against interfering in the Western Hemisphere and to prevent further colonization by European powers.
• The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance in the Senate, and prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of 36°30′ latitude.
• The Erie Canal lowered transportation costs, boosted trade, and helped New York City become a major economic center.
• The Industrial Revolution shifted production from small workshops to factories, increased the use of machines, and led to urbanization and wage labor.
• McCulloch v. Maryland confirmed the federal government's right to create a national bank and reinforced the supremacy of federal laws over state laws.
• The Southern economy depended on cash crops like cotton and relied on enslaved labor, while the North had a larger free labor force and more capital investment in industry which is why the South remained largely agricultural while the North industrialized
• Nat Turner's Rebellion led to stricter slave codes that further restricted the rights and movements of enslaved people.
• The gang system involved enslaved people working in groups from sunrise to sunset under strict supervision, while the task system allowed them to complete a set amount of work before having free time.
• The “Corrupt Bargain” in the election of 1824 involved Andrew Jackson's supporters accusing John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay of making a deal in which Clay helped Adams win the presidency in exchange for being appointed Secretary of State.
• The Tariff of 1828 raised tariffs on imported goods, benefiting Northern manufacturers but hurting Southern planters who relied on imported goods, angering Southern states

Overview of early 19th century US History including the Era of Good Feelings, the Monroe Doctrine, the Industrial Revolution, and key inventions like the cotton gin. Significant events such as the Missouri Compromise and landmark court cases are also covered. It also touches on the Free enterprise system.