US History Jefferson's Second Term Quiz

Vocabulary

• blockade: A military action to prevent ships from entering or leaving a port.
• infrastructure: Basic physical and organizational structures of a region, such as roads, bridges, and public utilities.
• partisanship: Strong allegiance to one's own political party, often to the exclusion of opposing views.
• intervene: To become actively involved in a situation to change the course of events.

Jefferson's Second Term

• Background: George III was still the British monarch, though his son, George IV, made decisions due to the ailing monarch's health. Napoleon Bonaparte controlled France and engaged in wars with Britain.
• Embargo: A ban on trade with another country.
• US Difficulty Staying Neutral: Great Britain used blockades against France and impressed American sailors, forcing them into the British Navy, making it difficult for the US to stay out of the war.
• Impressment: Forcing someone, especially sailors, into military service.
• American Anger: Impressment angered Americans as it violated their rights.

James Madison and the War of 1812

• James Madison: The fourth president of the United States, a Democratic-Republican.
• War Hawks: Leaders in Congress who advocated for war against Britain.
• Tecumseh and Allies: Fought for the British because they promised recognition of their nation if the British won.
• American Disadvantages in 1812: The US Army had few troops and the Navy had few ships. The British had substantially more.
• Washington D.C. Destruction: The British burned government buildings. A hurricane further exacerbated the damage.
• Northern and Southern Front Differences: The northern front saw more US success while the south saw more defeats.

The Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent

• Battle of New Orleans: An American force led by Andrew Jackson and Jean Lafitte stopped the British from capturing the city.
• Outcomes of the War of 1812: The war ended in a stalemate, ending British impressment policies and Native American arm sales in the west.

Henry Clay and the American System

• Background: A tariff can be a tax on goods imported from other countries. A protective tariff makes foreign goods more expensive, encouraging consumers to buy locally-produced goods.
• Henry Clay: A politician from Kentucky who served in the US Senate, House of Representatives, and as Secretary of State.
• American System: Three components
  • National Bank
  • Tariffs on Imports
  • Infrastructure Improvements

James Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings

• Era of Good Feelings: James Monroe's presidency was marked by peace, unity, and prosperity.
• Negatives of the Era of Good Feelings: The period was not good for Native Americans and African Americans.
• Adama-Onís Treaty: Negotiated the borders of the US and Spain, giving Florida to the US.
• Monroe Doctrine: The US would not intervene in existing European colonies or tolerate further European colonization of the Americas.

Affirming the Power of the Federal Government

• McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden: Supreme Court cases affirming federal authority over money and commerce.
• Necessary and Proper Clause: Gives Congress the power to enact laws necessary to carry out its other enumerated powers.
• Supremacy Clause: The Constitution and federal laws are the supreme law of the land.

John Quincy Adams

• Why not successful: He failed to persuade Congress to act on his ideas.
• Political background: Served as part of a political party with similar names in 17th and 18th century England. Known to be a prominent Whig opposed to the king's demands.

Foundations of Expansion

• Erie Canal vs Transcontinental Railroad: The Erie Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, improving trade and transportation. The transcontinental railroad linked the east and west coasts to enable faster shipping and settlement.
• Construction Challenges: The Erie Canal used manual labor and little machinery, whereas building the railroad required crossing mountains and plains, using explosives, and facing harsh weather.
• Impact on Trade: The Erie Canal allowed goods from the interior to reach the ocean and the Transcontinental Railroad reduced shipping time, enabling a very quick and easy transfer of goods.

Manifest Destiny and Native American Displacement

• Settlers' Perspective: Settlers saw Westward expansion as their destiny, bringing technology, and democracy. Manifest Destiny was seen as a divine right to expand.
• Native Americans' Perspective: They viewed this expansion as an invasion, causing them to lose their land and way of life.
• Land Use: Settlers viewed land as a resource for economic gain valued "improvement" and private ownership, while Native Americans saw land as sacred and communal, with no notion of private ownership.
• The Removal Act: Policies like the Homestead Act drove Native Americans off of their land. They were promised protection or compensation but forced into reservations instead.
• Cultural Impact: Native cultures were undermined, and tribes faced displacement, language loss, and disruption of cultural practices.