Questions and Answers
What important protections were added to the Constitution in the Bill of Rights?
The freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition; the right to bear arms; no quartering of soldiers during peacetime; all searches require warrants; right to remain silent; right to a speedy and public trial; trial by jury; no excessive bail or fines; rights not written are in effect; unlisted powers belong to the state.
What were the components of Hamilton's economic policy, and what did he accomplish with that policy?
Hamilton's economic policy combined all debts into a national debt and aimed to create a National Bank.
What two constitutional theories were presented by Jefferson and Hamilton regarding the national bank?
Jefferson believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution, whereas Hamilton believed in a loose interpretation.
Why did Washington opt for neutrality during the French Revolution?
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What were the domestic and international consequences of Jay's Treaty?
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How did Adams handle foreign affairs with France?
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What laws were the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions responding to, and what was Jefferson's proposed remedy?
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Who were likely to support Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans?
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What role did George Washington play in the early U.S. government?
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What was Alexander Hamilton's belief regarding the national debt?
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The primary force threatening American national security and unity in the 1790s were the international wars set off by the French Revolution.
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The passage of the first ten amendments to the Constitution demonstrated the Federalist determination to develop a powerful central government.
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Hamilton's basic purpose in all his financial measures was to strengthen the federal government by building up a larger national debt.
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A political deal between Jefferson and Hamilton involved obtaining Virginia's support for assumption of state debts in exchange for locating the District of Columbia along the Potomac River.
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In the battle over the Bank of the United States, Jefferson favored a loose construction of the Constitution.
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The first political rebellion against the new United States government was by the frontier whiskey distillers who hated Hamilton's excise tax on alcohol.
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The first American political parties grew mainly out of the debate over Hamilton's fiscal policies and U.S. foreign policy toward Europe.
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Jefferson and his Republican Party followers turned against the French Revolution when it turned radically violent in the Reign of Terror.
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President Washington believed that America was so powerful that it could afford to stay neutral in the great revolutionary war between Britain and France.
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John Jay's unpopular treaty with Britain stirred outrage among many Americans and fueled the rise of Jefferson's Republican Party.
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Adams decided to seek a negotiated peace with France to unite his Federalist party and enhance his own popularity with the public.
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The Alien Laws were a reasonable Federalist attempt to limit uncontrolled immigration into the United States to protect national security.
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Jeffersonian Republicans believed that the common people could not be trusted and needed to be led by the wealthy.
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The Jeffersonian Republicans generally sympathized with Britain in foreign policy, while the Hamiltonian Federalists sympathized with France.
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How can amendments to the Constitution be proposed?
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What are the first ten amendments called?
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What branch of government was created under the Judiciary Act of 1789?
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Who was the first Chief Justice of the United States?
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What does 'funding at par' mean?
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What is a tariff?
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What did Hamilton's excise tax passed in 1791 entail?
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What is the elastic clause?
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When, where, and why did the Whiskey Rebellion flare up?
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What did the Treaty of Greenville between the Indians and America state?
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What did Pinckney's Treaty with Spain in 1795 include?
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What did America and France agree to in the Convention of 1800?
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What did the first Alien law do to residence requirements for those desiring to become citizens?
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What did the second Alien Law give the president power to do?
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What were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?
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What did Hamiltonian-Federalists advocate?
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What did Anti-Federalists also come to be known as?
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Study Notes
Bill of Rights
- Protects individual liberties such as freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition.
- Guarantees the right to bear arms, prohibits housing soldiers during peacetime, and requires warrants for searches.
- Ensures rights to remain silent, a speedy public trial, trial by jury, and no excessive bail or fines.
- Recognizes rights not explicitly mentioned and reserves unlisted powers for the states.
Hamilton's Economic Policy
- Focused on consolidating states' debts into a national debt for collective repayment.
- Advocated for the establishment of a National Bank to strengthen federal financial standing.
- Aimed to foster national unity and a more robust central government.
Constitutional Theories
- Jefferson: Advocated for a strict interpretation of the Constitution, arguing the National Bank was unconstitutional since it was not explicitly mentioned.
- Hamilton: Supported a loose interpretation, asserting the Constitution allowed for the creation of a National Bank.
Washington's Neutrality
- Opted for neutrality during the French Revolution due to the United States' limited military strength and financial instability.
Jay's Treaty Consequences
- Domestic: Resurrected pre-Revolutionary War debts and angered Democratic-Republicans.
- International: Created an impression of American reconciliation with Britain.
Adams and France
- Faced conflict with France, sending envoys who encountered demands for bribes (the XYZ Affair), resulting in diplomatic failure.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
- Responded to the Alien and Sedition Acts viewed as unconstitutional.
- Jefferson proposed "Compact Theory" as a remedy, advocating for legislative action against these laws.
Political Party Support
- Hamiltonian Federalists: Supported by aristocrats, emphasizing a strong central government led by elites.
- Jeffersonian Republicans: Supported by the poorer majority, advocating for weaker central government and greater state powers.
Character Sketch: George Washington
- First President and leader of the Continental Army.
- Established the presidential cabinet and a policy of neutrality, strengthening the nation.
Character Sketch: Alexander Hamilton
- Vigorously focused on government financial strategy and the establishment of the National Bank.
- Played a critical role in creating the Federalist Party.
Character Sketch: John Jay
- First Chief Justice of the United States, responsible for negotiating the Jay Treaty.
Character Sketch: John Adams
- Second President, known for the XYZ Affair and passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Character Sketch: Aaron Burr
- Third Vice President who fatally dueled Hamilton.
Truth Statement Analysis
- First political rebellion arose due to resistance against Hamilton's whiskey tax.
- Alien Laws implemented to control immigration and national security.
- The first political parties formed from debates over financial and foreign policies.
Constitutional Amendments
- Amendments can be proposed via a convention requested by two-thirds of states or by a two-thirds vote in Congress.
- First ten amendments are known as the Bill of Rights.
Key Legislation and Events
- Judiciary Act of 1789 established the Supreme Court.
- "Funding at par" refers to settling debts at face value plus interest.
- The elastic clause expands Congressional powers under "necessary and proper" provisions.
- Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 emerged from frustrations about excise tax.
- Treaty of Greenville resulted in land concessions and financial provisions for Native Americans.
- Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 secured navigation rights on the Mississippi River.
Alien Laws
- First Alien law extended citizenship residency requirements to 14 years.
- Second Alien law empowered the president to deport or imprison dangerous foreigners during conflicts.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
- Stated that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and introduced the theory of nullification.
Hamiltonian Federalist Advocacy
- Promoted a strong federal authority to suppress dissent and protect wealth and trade interests.
Anti-Federalist Identity
- Known as Democratic-Republicans, opposing Hamiltonian policies and advocating for more civil liberties.
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Description
This quiz covers key aspects of the Bill of Rights, including individual liberties and protections. It also examines Hamilton's Economic Policy, highlighting national debt consolidation and the creation of a National Bank. Additionally, the quiz explores the contrasting constitutional theories of Jefferson and Hamilton.
