Urology Surgical Procedures Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which incision is often used to access the scrotal contents of an adult or child?

  • Gibson incision
  • Scrotal incision
  • Flank incision
  • Inguinal incision (correct)

    • Supine positioning is appropriate for procedures involving the kidney and ureters.

    False

    What is the purpose of the Gibson incision?

    To provide an extraperitoneal abdominal approach for access to the lower portion of the ureter.

    The position typically used for nephroscopy is __________.

    <p>prone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the Ellik Evacuator?

    <p>Instrumentation in bladder procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypospadias is associated with erectile dysfunction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following anatomical conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Erectile Dysfunction = Inability to maintain an erection Glomerulonephritis = Inflammation of the kidney's filtering units Hypospadias = Abnormal opening of the urethra Epispadias = Urethra opening on the upper side of the penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ incision provides direct access to the adrenal gland, kidney, and proximal ureter.

    <p>flank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important laboratory examination used in diagnosing urinary tract problems?

    <p>Urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A clean-catch specimen is typically used only when a urinary tract infection is suspected.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common method of collecting urine for a urinalysis.

    <p>Voided specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the indications for using a lumbar incision?

    <p>Renal biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glomerular filtration rate is a measure of __________ function.

    <p>kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A laparoscopic simple nephrectomy is a type of open surgery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the diagnostic tests with their purpose:

    <p>Urinalysis = Diagnosing urinary tract problems Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) = Assessing kidney function Tissue biopsy = Examining tissue samples for disease Imaging studies = Visualizing internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one procedure that utilizes ureteroscopy.

    <p>Ureteral stents placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically included in common chemistry findings?

    <p>Electrocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific hematologic examinations do not require the patient to comply with any prerequisites.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cystectomy can be performed as a _______ or segmental procedure.

    <p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following surgical procedures with their functions:

    <p>Transurethral Cystoscopy = View and diagnose urinary problems Nephrectomy = Removal of kidney Pyelolithotomy = Removal of kidney stones Cystectomy = Removal of bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one laboratory test used to assess kidney function?

    <p>Glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is typically indicated for treating Wilms' tumor?

    <p>Nephrectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Radical cystectomy includes the use of an ileal conduit.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of TURP?

    <p>To relieve urinary obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique involves the injection of a contrast medium?

    <p>IVU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A biopsy only provides subjective information about malignancy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of endoscopy tests in the GU system?

    <p>To visualize affected structures and collect tissue or fluid samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A KUB X-ray focuses on the kidneys, __________, and bladder.

    <p>ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Cushing’s Syndrome = Involves excessive cortisol production Addison’s Disease = Characterized by insufficient cortisol production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT used to obtain tissue samples for a biopsy?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Laparoscopic procedures are exclusively used for treatment and not for diagnosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the genitourinary system?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of equipment should be added by the surgical technologist according to the type of procedure?

    <p>Specialty instrumentation for kidney, ureter, and prostate surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urologists only specialize in surgeries related to the kidneys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional filtering unit of the kidney called?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

    <p>genitourinary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do kidney stones result from?

    <p>Precipitation of specific salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their respective functions:

    <p>Kidneys = Filtering blood and producing urine Ureters = Transporting urine from kidneys to bladder Bladder = Storing urine Urethra = Expelling urine from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal glands are primarily involved in the urinary function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary medical field that specializes in the genitourinary system?

    <p>Urology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland?

    <p>Prostatitis/BPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phimosis is a condition that can result in the inability to retract the foreskin of the penis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for undescended testicles?

    <p>Cryptorchidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ________ is a fluid-filled sac that develops in the epididymis.

    <p>spermatocele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the twisting of the spermatic cord, potentially cutting off blood supply?

    <p>Testicular Torsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct description:

    <p>Orchitis = Inflammation of one or both testicles Varicocele = Enlargement of veins within the scrotum Hydrocele = Accumulation of fluid around the testicle Epididymitis = Inflammation of the epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pheochromocytoma primarily affects the pancreas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a condition characterized by inflammation of the prostate gland.

    <p>Prostatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Genitourinary (GU) surgery is a surgical subspecialty
    • Addresses various diseases affecting the male and female GU systems, and male reproductive system
    • Urologists are medical professionals specializing in urology
    • Diagnose, treat, and manage GU malignancies, renal calculi, and congenital GU defects

    Surgical Anatomy

    • Kidneys: Essential organs for filtering waste from the blood
    • Adrenal glands: Located above the kidneys, producing hormones.
    • Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
    • Bladder: Stores urine until it's eliminated.
    • Urethra: Tube that carries urine out of the body.
    • Nephron: Functional filtering unit within the kidney.
    • Kidney stones: Precipitation of salts from urine filtrate.

    Surgical Anatomy - Kidneys and Kidney Stones

    • Nephron: The functional filtering unit of the kidney.
    • Kidney stones: Formation of specific salts in the kidneys.
    • Common chemical ingredients in kidney stones include Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate, Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate, Uric Acid, and more.

    Surgical Anatomy - Adrenal Glands

    • Adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands located above the kidneys.

    Surgical Anatomy - Ureters

    • The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

    Surgical Anatomy - Urinary Bladder

    • Stores urine until elimination.
    • Contains rugae, smooth muscles, and openings for the ureters and urethra.

    Surgical Anatomy - The Urethra

    • Female: Origins at the trigone, ending at the meatus.
    • Male: Originates at the trigone, passing through prostatic, membranous, and cavernous portions, and ending at the meatus.

    Surgical Anatomy - Male Anatomy

    • Scrotum and testicles: External sac holding the testicles.
    • Epididymis: Structure containing sperm ducts.
    • Vas deferens: Tube carrying sperm to the urethra.
    • Seminal vesicles: Produce fluid for semen.
    • Prostate gland: Produces fluid for semen.
    • Bulbourethral glands: Produce fluid for lubrication.
    • Penis: Male copulatory organ highly vascular, flaccid except during sexual stimulation.

    Surgical Anatomy - The Testicles

    • Epididymis, Vas deferens, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Bulbourethral glands: Components of the male reproductive system.
    • The contents are involved in reproduction and the formation of semen.

    Surgical Anatomy - Vas Deferens

    • Forms part of the seminal fluid path, passing through the bladder and ureter
    • Connects to the seminal vesicle, forming the ejaculatory duct

    Surgical Anatomy - The Penis

    • Highly vascular, flaccid except during sexual stimulation.
    • Contains the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum for erection.

    Diagnostic Procedures and Tests

    • Disorders are diagnosed using various procedures.
    • History and physical: Detailed history and specialized examinations such as digital rectal examinations (for men over 40).
    • Laboratory Findings: Microscopic examination for urine and blood composition.
    • Chemical reagent strips are used for fast general results for some tests.
    • Hematology findings: Specific examinations need predetermined requisites.
    • Urinalysis: Important diagnostic tool used to diagnose problems affecting the urinary tract.
    • Radiologic Findings: Tools like X-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRIs play in diagnosis of tumors and obstructions of the GU tract.
    • Biopsy: Used for the presence of malignancy; tissue samples are obtained to analyze cell types through percutaneous, endoscopic, or open methods.
    • Endoscopy: Allows visualizing the structures; tissue and fluid samples may be collected, and additional tests.
    • Laparoscopic procedures can also be used for diagnosis and treatment of GU conditions.

    Instrumentation, Routine Equipment, and Supplies

    • Surgical instrumentation is similar to general surgery with added items for kidney, ureter, and prostate surgery.
    • Instrumentation should be added according to procedure types.

    Pathology - Cushing's Syndrome

    • Signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome like round face, hump, hirsutism, easy bruising, abdominal weight gain, and stretch marks.

    Pathology - Addison's Disease

    • Chronic hypoadrenalism results in low cortisol, hypoglycemia, hypercalcemia, high ACTH, pigmentation, low sex hormones, muscle wasting, loss of body hair, amenorrhea.

    Pathology - Pheochromocytoma

    • Tumor of the adrenal gland causing various physiological changes.

    Pathology - Balanoposthitis

    • Inflammation of the glans penis and foreskin.

    Pathology - Epididymitis

    • Inflammation and swelling of the epididymis.

    Pathology - Cryptorchidism

    • Undescended testicles.

    Pathology - Orchitis

    • Inflammation of the testes.

    Pathology - Phimosis

    • Narrowing of the foreskin of the penis.

    Pathology - Prostatitis/BPH

    • Inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) and enlarged prostate (BPH).

    Pathology - Prostatic Cancer

    • Cancerous growth in the prostate gland.

    Pathology - Spermatocele

    • Cysts in the epididymis.

    Pathology - Hydrocele

    • Fluid-filled sac around the testicle.

    Pathology - Testicular Cancer

    • Cancerous growth originating within the testicle.

    Pathology - Testicular Torsion

    • Twisting of the spermatic cord.

    Pathology - Varicocele

    • Enlarged varicose veins in the spermatic cord.

    Pathology - Erectile Dysfunction

    • Inability to achieve or maintain an erection.

    Pathology - Glomerulonephritis

    • Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys.

    Pathology - Hypospadias and Epispadias

    • Congenital abnormalities in the urethra's location.

    Instrumentation- Rigid/Flexible Cystoscopes and Urethrotome/Resetoscopes

    • Specialized instruments to facilitate visualization and treatment of genitourinary structures.

    Positioning

    • Lithotomy (Cystoscopy): Lying on back with legs raised and separated.
    • Supine (Bladder, Prostate): Lying on back.
    • Lateral (Kidney, Ureter): Lying on side.
    • Prone (Nephroscopy): Lying on stomach.

    Incisional Options

    • Inguinal, Scrotal, Abdominal and their uses to access scrotal and abdominal structures.
    • Gibson, Flank, Lumbar incisions are specialized techniques for specific exposures of the genitourinary structures. The options include limited exposure and direct access for ureter, adrenal gland, kidney surgery

    Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Surgical Procedures

    • Procedures like Wilms' tumor excision, nephrectomy, partial/radical nephrectomy, laparoscopic nephrectomy, and kidney transplant are noted.

    Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Surgical Procedures – GU Endoscopy

    • Procedures like transurethral, cystoscopy, urogram, biopsy, fulguration, TURP, and TURBIT are described for viewing and treating genitourinary conditions
    • Other procedures like ureteral stent insertion and urethral dilation are mentioned.

    Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Surgical Procedures- Specific Procedures

    • Procedures like ureteroscopy, pyelolithotomy, Cytoscopy with TURBT, and cystectomy are highlighted.

    Procedures for Stress Incontinence Affecting Women

    • Procedures restoring the posterior urethrovesical angle and elevating the bladder base, as well as options like anterior colporrhaphy, suprapubic vesicourethral suspension, and suburethral sling.

    Prostate Surgery

    • Prostatectomy: Surgical removal of all or part of the prostate
    • Types of Prostatectomy include transurethral resection (TURP), laparoscopic, suprapubic, and percutaneous procedures including radioactive seed implantation.

    Testicular Surgery

    • Procedures on testes, including hydrocelectomy, orchiopexy, and simple orchiectomy are noted.

    Penile Surgical Procedures

    • Surgical procedures (Circumcision, Hypospadias repair, Epispadias repair, and Insertion of inflatable penile prosthesis and Penectomy

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various surgical techniques and their applications in urology. This quiz covers topics such as incisions, positional techniques, and diagnostic tests related to urinary tract conditions. Ideal for medical students and professionals in the field.

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