Questions and Answers
The urinary bladder is composed of three parts, including the _______________ vesica.
vertex
The urethra is divided into two parts, including the __________________ part and the penile part.
pelvic
The _______________ vesicae is a triangular area at the base of the bladder.
trigonum
The ureters open into the __________________ part of the neck of the urinary bladder.
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The __________________ ligament contains the urachus in the fetal period.
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The urinary bladder extends into the __________________ cavity in carnivores.
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The urethra carries urine from the bladder to the __________________.
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The __________________ part of the urethra is located in the prostate.
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The round ligament originates from the __________________ artery in the fetal period.
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The suburethral diverticululm is a structure found in the __________________.
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The _______________ separates the external genital tract from the internal reproductive tract.
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The _______________ is the funnel-shaped structure that receives the egg after being caught by the fimbriae.
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The _______________ is the middle part of the oviduct where fertilization and early cleavage occur.
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The _______________ is the structure that divides the external genital tract from the internal reproductive tract.
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The _______________ is the part of the uterus that opens to the vagina.
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The _______________ are the finger-like structures that catch the egg.
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The _______________ is the peritoneal cavity formed by the mesovarium and mesosalpinx.
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The _______________ is the structure that serves as a sperm reservoir.
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The _______________ is the part of the uterus located between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
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The _______________ is the part of the uterus that opens to the vagina.
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Study Notes
Urinary System
- The urinary system consists of organs such as kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Kidneys
- Kidneys are bean-shaped in carnivores and small ruminants, flatten-elongated in pigs, heart-shaped in horses, and completely different in large ruminants with a surface having deep fissures due to lobes.
- The cranial extremity of the right kidney fits into the renal impression of the liver.
- The right kidney is higher than the left kidney.
- Surfaces:
- Dorsal surface: contacts with sublumbar muscles.
- Ventral surface: contacts with parietal peritoneum.
- Borders:
- Lateral border is convex.
- Medial border is concave, containing a hilus.
- Renal hilus: the area where the artery, vein, ureters, and lymphatic ducts pass through.
- Renal parenchyma:
- Cortex:
- Reddish-brown.
- Peripheral zone.
- Juxtamedullar zone.
- Medulla:
- Dark in color.
- Has internal and external zones.
- Cortex:
- Renal lobes:
- Uni-lobar:
- Cats, dogs, horses, and small ruminants.
- Multimedullary.
- Cortex is fused together.
- Multi-lobar:
- Medulla and cortex are divided into pyramidal-shaped lobes.
- Form a multilobular shape of the kidney.
- Apex of each lobe is directed towards the renal sinus and forms a papilla.
- Uni-lobar:
Renal Pelvis
- Located within the renal sinus, it's the expanded part of the ureter within the kidney.
- In horses:
- Very narrow.
- Ends with two cavities known as recessus terminals.
- In carnivores and small ruminants:
- Similar.
- Arch-like in ruminants but T-shaped in carnivores.
- In bovines:
- Not present.
- Papillae of each medullary lobe drain into a calyx formed by the terminal branch of the ureters.
Ureters
- Thin bilateral tubes (3-4 mm) that connect kidneys to the urinary bladder.
- Transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.
- Course caudally in the sublumbar muscles.
- Open into the dorsal part of the neck of the urinary bladder.
- In horses: glandulae uretericae is located on the wall of the ureters.
Urinary Bladder (Vesica Urinaria)
- Composed of:
- Vertex vesica.
- Corpus vesica.
- Cervix vesica.
- Extends into the abdominal cavity in carnivores.
- Stays within the pelvic cavity in the rest of the species.
Ligaments of the Urinary Bladder
- Ligamentum vesicae medianum:
- Median ligament.
- Contains urachus in the fetal period.
- Ligamentum vesicae laterale:
- Lateral ligament.
- Contains umbilical arteries in the fetal period.
- Round ligament:
- Originates from the umbilical artery in the fetal period.
- Trigonum vesicae:
- Triangular area.
- At the base of the bladder.
- Defined by two ureteral and urethral orifices.
Urethra
- Tubes that carry urine from the bladder to the orifices.
- Composed of:
- Pelvic part:
- Prostatic part.
- Membranous part.
- Penile part:
- Bulbar part.
- Terminal part.
- Internal urethral part.
- External urethral part.
- Suburethral diverticulum in cows.
- Urethralis m. Sphincter urethrae.
- Pelvic part:
Female Reproductive Organs
- Composed of:
- Ovarium.
- Tuba uterine.
- Uterus.
- Vagina.
- Vestibule.
- Vulva.
Ovarium
- Location:
- In dogs and cats: dorsal part of the abdomen and caudal to the kidney.
- In ruminants: close to the ventral side of the abdomen wall, cranial to the pelvic inlet.
- In horses: located 8-10 cm ventral to the dorsal wall of the abdomen.
- In pigs: middle of the abdomen.
- Size:
- Bitch: 1-1.5 cm.
- Cat: 1 cm.
- Cow: 4-6 cm.
- Sheep and goat: 1.5-2 cm.
- Mare: 8-12 cm.
- Shape:
- Ellipsoidal in all species but bean-shaped in mares.
Uterine Tubes
- Also known as oviduct or fallopian tube.
- Receive the egg and transfer it to the uterus, where the egg gets fertilized in the oviduct.
Oviducts Parts
- Fimbriae:
- Finger-like structure closest to the ovaries.
- Catch the egg.
- Infundibulum:
- Funnel-shaped structure.
- Receive the egg after being caught by the fimbriae.
- Ampulla:
- Middle part of the oviduct.
- Location of fertilization and early cleavage.
- Isthmus:
- Serve as a sperm reservoir.
- Adhere to the epithelium and get released in time of ovulation.
Uterus
- Located between the urinary bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly.
- Uterine wall structure:
- Perimetrium (serosal).
- Myometrium (muscular).
- Endometrium (mucosal).
- Suspended by the broad ligament also known as mesometrium.
Uterus Compartments
- Horn.
- Body.
- Cervix.
- Cornu uteri and corpus uteri are located within the abdominal cavity dorsal to the intestines.
- The corpus is generally small, largest in the mare (horses).
Shape of the Uterus
- Straight like a V in dogs.
- Straight like a T in horses.
- Coiled ventrally on itself in ruminants.
Cervix
- Located within the pelvis.
- Located between the rectum and bladder.
- It's the structure that divides the external genital tract from the internal reproductive tract.
Compartment
- Ostium uteri internun:
- Internal uterine ostium.
- Has a sphincter function.
- Allows access to the uterus.
- Canalis cervicis:
- Consist of mucosal folds.
- Longitudinally arranged in mares, dogs, and cats.
- Blocked by the plicae circulares (circular folds).
- In pigs, the mucosal fold forms the pulvini cervicales.
Vagina
- Composed of two parts: cranial and caudal.
- Median position in the pelvis.
- Contains:
- Suburethral orifices:
- All animals.
- Glandulae vestibulars minors:
- In mares, pigs, sheep, and cows.
- Glandulae vestibulares majors:
- In cows, sheep, and cats.
- Suburethral orifices:
Male Reproductive Organs
- Organs:
- Testis.
- Epididymis.
- Ductus deferens.
- Urethra.
- Penis.
Position of Testicle in Scrotum
- Ruminant:
- Caudal part of the abdomen.
- Vertically.
- Feline and pig:
- Perineal region.
- Tilted toward the anus.
- Horses and dogs:
- Intermediate position.
- Horizontal.
Testicles
- Two extremity:
- Extremitas capitate.
- Extremitas caudate.
- Two borders:
- Free border.
- Epididymal border.
- Two surfaces:
- Medial and lateral.
- Two lobes:
- Right and left lobe.
Structure of the Testes
- Tunica albuginea:
- Fibrous capsule.
- Contains collagen fibers, testicular artery, and testicular vein.
- Septula testis (septa):
- Originate from the capsule fibers.
- Lobuli testis (pyramid-shaped).
- Originate from converging septa.
- Located in extremitis capitis of parenchyma in horses and middle part of the parenchyma in other animals.
- Mediastinum testis:
- Originate from converging lobuli testis.
- Converge.
- Located in extremitis capitis of parenchyma in horses and middle part of the parenchyma in other animals.
- Tubules of the testis:
- Seminiferous tubules.
- Straight tubules.
- Rete
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Test your knowledge of the urogenital system, including the organs, shapes, and positions of the kidneys in different animals.
