Urogenital System and Kidneys

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Questions and Answers

What is the shape of the kidney in horses?

Bean shaped

Heart shaped (correct)

Completely different

Flatten elongated

What is the renal pelvis located within?

Urinary bladder

Kidney capsule

Ureter

Renal sinus (correct)

What is the function of the ureters?

To filter blood

To produce urine

To transport urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder (correct)

To store urine

What is the urinary bladder composed of?

Vertex vesica, corpus vesica, and cervix vesica Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ligamentum vesicae medianum?

To contain the urachus in the fetal period Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the urethra?

To transport urine from the urinary bladder to the external orifices Signup and view all the answers

What is the trigonum vesicae?

A triangular area at the base of the bladder Signup and view all the answers

In which species is the renal pelvis very narrow and ends with two cavities known as recessus terminals?

Horses Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the kidney in carnivores and small ruminants?

Bean shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the glandulae uretericae?

To secrete mucus into the ureter Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the ovarium in horses?

Dorsal part of the abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the uterus in dogs?

Straight like a V Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fimbriae in the oviduct?

To catch the egg Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that divides the external genital tract from the internal reproductive tract?

Cervix Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the testicles in ruminants?

Caudal part of the abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscular layer of the uterine wall?

Myometrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cavity that surrounds the ovaries and the infundibulum in mammals?

Ovarian bursa Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the epididymis in horses and dogs?

Dorsal border of the testis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ampulla in the ductus deferens?

To enlarge the ductus deferens Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the gland that produces seminal fluid in males?

Vesicular gland Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urinary System

The urinary system consists of organs such as kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Kidneys

Kidneys are bean-shaped in carnivores and small ruminants, flatten-elongated in pigs, heart-shaped in horses, and completely different in large ruminants with a surface having deep fissures due to lobes.
The cranial extremity of the right kidney fits into the renal impression of the liver.
The right kidney is higher than the left kidney.
Surfaces:
- Dorsal surface: contacts with sublumbar muscles.
- Ventral surface: contacts with parietal peritoneum.
Borders:
- Lateral border is convex.
- Medial border is concave, containing a hilus.
Renal hilus: the area where the artery, vein, ureters, and lymphatic ducts pass through.
Renal parenchyma:
- Cortex:
  - Reddish-brown.
  - Peripheral zone.
  - Juxtamedullar zone.
- Medulla:
  - Dark in color.
  - Has internal and external zones.
Renal lobes:
- Uni-lobar:
  - Cats, dogs, horses, and small ruminants.
  - Multimedullary.
  - Cortex is fused together.
- Multi-lobar:
  - Medulla and cortex are divided into pyramidal-shaped lobes.
  - Form a multilobular shape of the kidney.
  - Apex of each lobe is directed towards the renal sinus and forms a papilla.

Renal Pelvis

Located within the renal sinus, it's the expanded part of the ureter within the kidney.
In horses:
- Very narrow.
- Ends with two cavities known as recessus terminals.
In carnivores and small ruminants:
- Similar.
- Arch-like in ruminants but T-shaped in carnivores.
In bovines:
- Not present.
- Papillae of each medullary lobe drain into a calyx formed by the terminal branch of the ureters.

Ureters

Thin bilateral tubes (3-4 mm) that connect kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.
Course caudally in the sublumbar muscles.
Open into the dorsal part of the neck of the urinary bladder.
In horses: glandulae uretericae is located on the wall of the ureters.

Urinary Bladder (Vesica Urinaria)

Composed of:
- Vertex vesica.
- Corpus vesica.
- Cervix vesica.
Extends into the abdominal cavity in carnivores.
Stays within the pelvic cavity in the rest of the species.

Ligaments of the Urinary Bladder

Ligamentum vesicae medianum:
- Median ligament.
- Contains urachus in the fetal period.
Ligamentum vesicae laterale:
- Lateral ligament.
- Contains umbilical arteries in the fetal period.
Round ligament:
- Originates from the umbilical artery in the fetal period.
Trigonum vesicae:
- Triangular area.
- At the base of the bladder.
- Defined by two ureteral and urethral orifices.

Urethra

Tubes that carry urine from the bladder to the orifices.
Composed of:
- Pelvic part:
  - Prostatic part.
  - Membranous part.
- Penile part:
  - Bulbar part.
  - Terminal part.
  - Internal urethral part.
  - External urethral part.
  - Suburethral diverticulum in cows.
  - Urethralis m. Sphincter urethrae.

Female Reproductive Organs

Composed of:
- Ovarium.
- Tuba uterine.
- Uterus.
- Vagina.
- Vestibule.
- Vulva.

Ovarium

Location:
- In dogs and cats: dorsal part of the abdomen and caudal to the kidney.
- In ruminants: close to the ventral side of the abdomen wall, cranial to the pelvic inlet.
- In horses: located 8-10 cm ventral to the dorsal wall of the abdomen.
- In pigs: middle of the abdomen.
Size:
- Bitch: 1-1.5 cm.
- Cat: 1 cm.
- Cow: 4-6 cm.
- Sheep and goat: 1.5-2 cm.
- Mare: 8-12 cm.
Shape:
- Ellipsoidal in all species but bean-shaped in mares.

Uterine Tubes

Also known as oviduct or fallopian tube.
Receive the egg and transfer it to the uterus, where the egg gets fertilized in the oviduct.

Oviducts Parts

Fimbriae:
- Finger-like structure closest to the ovaries.
- Catch the egg.
Infundibulum:
- Funnel-shaped structure.
- Receive the egg after being caught by the fimbriae.
Ampulla:
- Middle part of the oviduct.
- Location of fertilization and early cleavage.
Isthmus:
- Serve as a sperm reservoir.
- Adhere to the epithelium and get released in time of ovulation.

Uterus

Located between the urinary bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly.
Uterine wall structure:
- Perimetrium (serosal).
- Myometrium (muscular).
- Endometrium (mucosal).
Suspended by the broad ligament also known as mesometrium.

Uterus Compartments

Horn.
Body.
Cervix.
Cornu uteri and corpus uteri are located within the abdominal cavity dorsal to the intestines.
The corpus is generally small, largest in the mare (horses).

Shape of the Uterus

Straight like a V in dogs.
Straight like a T in horses.
Coiled ventrally on itself in ruminants.

Cervix

Located within the pelvis.
Located between the rectum and bladder.
It's the structure that divides the external genital tract from the internal reproductive tract.

Compartment

Ostium uteri internun:
- Internal uterine ostium.
- Has a sphincter function.
- Allows access to the uterus.
Canalis cervicis:
- Consist of mucosal folds.
- Longitudinally arranged in mares, dogs, and cats.
- Blocked by the plicae circulares (circular folds).
- In pigs, the mucosal fold forms the pulvini cervicales.

Vagina

Composed of two parts: cranial and caudal.
Median position in the pelvis.
Contains:
- Suburethral orifices:
  - All animals.
- Glandulae vestibulars minors:
  - In mares, pigs, sheep, and cows.
- Glandulae vestibulares majors:
  - In cows, sheep, and cats.

Male Reproductive Organs

Organs:
- Testis.
- Epididymis.
- Ductus deferens.
- Urethra.
- Penis.

Position of Testicle in Scrotum

Ruminant:
- Caudal part of the abdomen.
- Vertically.
Feline and pig:
- Perineal region.
- Tilted toward the anus.
Horses and dogs:
- Intermediate position.
- Horizontal.

Testicles

Two extremity:
- Extremitas capitate.
- Extremitas caudate.
Two borders:
- Free border.
- Epididymal border.
Two surfaces:
- Medial and lateral.
Two lobes:
- Right and left lobe.

Structure of the Testes

Tunica albuginea:
- Fibrous capsule.
- Contains collagen fibers, testicular artery, and testicular vein.
Septula testis (septa):
- Originate from the capsule fibers.
- Lobuli testis (pyramid-shaped).
- Originate from converging septa.
- Located in extremitis capitis of parenchyma in horses and middle part of the parenchyma in other animals.
Mediastinum testis:
- Originate from converging lobuli testis.
- Converge.
- Located in extremitis capitis of parenchyma in horses and middle part of the parenchyma in other animals.
Tubules of the testis:
- Seminiferous tubules.
- Straight tubules.
- Rete

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Description

This quiz covers the urogenital system, focusing on the urinary system and its organs, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It also explores the shape and location of kidneys in different animals.