Urine Analysis Chapter Quiz

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What are oval fat bodies and what do they indicate?

Oval fat bodies are renal tubular epithelial cells that have absorbed lipids and may indicate nephrotic syndrome.

How are casts formed in the kidneys?

Casts are formed within the lumen of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, typically occurring during urinary stasis.

What is the term used for casts found in urine?

The term used for casts in urine is cylindruria.

What distinguishes oval fat bodies from other miscellaneous cells in urine?

Oval fat bodies are specifically renal tubular epithelial cells filled with lipids, whereas miscellaneous cells like histiocytes indicate lipid-storage disease. Signup and view all the answers

What role do formed elements play in cast identification?

Casts may contain formed elements such as bacteria, WBCs, or RBCs within them or attached to their surface. Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of Pyuria typically indicate in a patient?

Pyuria typically indicates an increased number of white blood cells in the urine, suggesting a possible urinary tract infection. Signup and view all the answers

List two bacterial infections that could be indicated by Pyuria.

Urethritis and cystitis are two bacterial infections that could be indicated by Pyuria. Signup and view all the answers

What are Glitter cells, and how do they form?

Glitter cells are neutrophils in dilute alkaline urine that appear to sparkle due to the swelling of their cytoplasmic granules caused by Brownian movement. Signup and view all the answers

Why might eosinophils be present in the urine?

Eosinophils may be present in the urine due to drug-induced nephritis or renal transplant rejection. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for the visualization of eosinophils in urine during diagnosis?

Special staining may be necessary to visualize eosinophils if their presence is suspected. Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if medications accumulate due to renal dysfunction?

Accumulation can lead to renal damage. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the appearance of ampicillin crystals.

Ampicillin crystals appear colorless and are needle-shaped, often forming bundles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of sulfonamide crystals?

Sulfnamide crystals can appear colorless to yellow-brown and have shapes such as needles or rosettes. Signup and view all the answers

How do radiographic dyes appear in relation to cholesterol?

Radiographic dyes resemble cholesterol and correlate with an increased specific gravity greater than 1.050. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes amorphous phosphate crystals from amorphous urates?

Amorphous phosphate crystals are soluble in acetic acid, while amorphous urates are insoluble with heat above 60°C. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of performing a microscopic examination of urine?

To identify insoluble substances from the blood, kidney, lower urogenital tract, and external contaminants. Signup and view all the answers

List three types of formed elements that can be identified in a microscopic urine examination.

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended volume of urine to centrifuge for microscopic examination, and how much sediment should be left for viewing?

10-12 mL of urine should be centrifuged, leaving 0.5-1.0 mL of sediment for viewing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of finding more than 5 RTE cells per high-power field in a urinalysis?

It suggests tubular injury, which may indicate renal cancer, renal tubular damage, or pyelonephritis. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference in magnification techniques used for reporting RBCs/WBCs versus casts and crystals.

RBCs/WBCs are reported using high-power magnification, while casts and crystals are reported using low-power magnification. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the morphological differences between RTE cells originating from the proximal convoluted tubule and those from the collecting duct.

PCT RTE cells are rectangular and coarsely granulated, while CD RTE cells are slightly larger, cuboidal or columnar, and finely granulated. Signup and view all the answers

Name two microscopic methods used for urine examination.

Brightfield and phase contrast. Signup and view all the answers

What are bubble cells, and what condition are they associated with?

Bubble cells are RTE cells with large, non-lipid-filled vacuoles, indicative of renal tubular necrosis. Signup and view all the answers

How does catheterization affect RTE cell counts in urine, and why?

Catheterization can increase RTE cell counts due to the invasiveness of the procedure, leading to potential tubular injury. Signup and view all the answers

List at least three clinical conditions that can result in the presence of RTE cells in urine.

Renal cancer, renal tubular damage, and pyelonephritis are three conditions that can lead to RTE cell presence. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary characteristics of squamous epithelial cells, and where are they commonly found?

Squamous epithelial cells are large, have abundant irregular cytoplasm, a central nucleus similar in size to a red blood cell, and are commonly found in the lower urethra and vagina in women and the urethra of males. Signup and view all the answers

What might excessive numbers of squamous epithelial cells in a urine sample indicate?

Excessive numbers of squamous epithelial cells may indicate improper sample collection using the clean-catch method. Signup and view all the answers

Describe transitional epithelial cells and their locations in the body.

Transitional epithelial cells are smaller than squamous cells, shaped as spherical, polyhedral, or caudate, and they line the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and upper urethra in males. Signup and view all the answers

What abnormalities in transitional epithelial cells may indicate pathology, and what conditions could they suggest?

Abnormalities such as large numbers, vacuoles, and irregular nuclei in transitional epithelial cells may indicate renal carcinoma or viral infection. Signup and view all the answers

What does an increase in the number of erythrocytes indicate about renal or urogenital health?

It indicates potential renal damage, glomerular membrane damage, or vascular damage in the urogenital tract. Signup and view all the answers

How are clue cells related to squamous epithelial cells and what do they indicate?

Clue cells are squamous epithelial cells covered with Gardnerella vaginalis and indicate the presence of a vaginal infection. Signup and view all the answers

List two conditions that could lead to the presence of erythrocytes in urine.

Infections and renal calculi are two conditions that could lead to erythrocytes in urine. Signup and view all the answers

How do erythrocytes appear in concentrated urine?

In concentrated urine, erythrocytes shrink and appear crenated. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential confusion when identifying erythrocytes in urine?

Erythrocytes can be mistaken for yeast cells or oil droplets due to their refractive properties. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does dilute acetic acid have on erythrocytes in urine?

Dilute acetic acid lyses erythrocytes, leaving behind only yeast, oil droplets, and white blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of measuring specific gravity in clinical settings?

It is used to monitor hydration levels, renal concentrating ability, and conditions like diabetes insipidus. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of bromthymol blue in the specific gravity measurement process.

Bromthymol blue is an indicator that detects changes in pH, which correlate with hydrogen ion concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What factors can lead to false positive results in specific gravity measurements?

Elevated protein or ketone levels can falsely increase the specific gravity reading. Signup and view all the answers

If a urine sample's pH is greater than 6.5, how should you adjust the specific gravity reading?

You should add 0.005 to the specific gravity reading. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the relationship between specific gravity values and the color changes observed in the reagent strip.

A specific gravity of 1.000 shows a blue color in alkaline solution, while a reading of 1.030 appears yellow in acid solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical indication of a urinary tract infection as related to leukocytes?

The presence of leukocytes indicates a possible urinary tract infection or inflammation of the urinary tract. Signup and view all the answers

What limitation does the reagent strip method have regarding the quantification of leukocytes?

The reagent strip method does not quantify the number of leukocytes present in the urine. Signup and view all the answers

How does the reagent strip reaction for leukocyte esterase work, and what color does it produce?

An acid ester reacts with leukocyte esterase to form an aromatic compound that reacts with a diazonium salt, producing a purple color. Signup and view all the answers

What environmental conditions or substances can lead to false negative results in leukocyte esterase testing?

Increased glucose, protein, ascorbic acid, yellow-pigmented substances, high specific gravity, and certain antibiotics can cause false negatives. Signup and view all the answers

List two potential causes for false positive results in leukocyte detection using reagent strips.

Pigmented urine and strong oxidizing agents can lead to false positive results. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the appearance of Triple Phosphate crystals and their clinical significance.

Triple Phosphate crystals appear as colorless, three- to six-sided prisms resembling a coffin lid and are not clinically significant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the visual characteristic of Calcium Carbonate crystals, and are they considered clinically significant?

Calcium Carbonate crystals are small, colorless crystals with dumbbell or spherical shapes, and they are not clinically significant. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how Ammonium Biurate crystals can change when acetic acid is added and their visual features.

Ammonium Biurate crystals convert to uric acid crystals when acetic acid is added and can appear as yellow to brown spheres with striations or thorny projections. Signup and view all the answers

What are the shapes of Calcium Phosphate crystals and their relevance in clinical diagnostics?

Calcium Phosphate crystals are colorless, thin prisms or rectangular plates and are not considered clinically significant. Signup and view all the answers

Summarize the clinical significance of crystals identified in urine samples based on the document.

Most crystals, including Triple Phosphate, Calcium Phosphate, and Calcium Carbonate, are not clinically significant and may have associations with conditions like UTIs or kidney stones. Signup and view all the answers

Pyuria

An increased number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the urine.

Urethritis

Inflammation of the urethra, often caused by bacteria.