Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a sensitive indicator of tubular damage?
Which of the following is a sensitive indicator of tubular damage?
Excretion of protein in urine more than 1000 mg/day indicates which type of proteinuria?
Excretion of protein in urine more than 1000 mg/day indicates which type of proteinuria?
The clearance of a substance that is freely filtered, not reabsorbed, and fully secreted equals:
The clearance of a substance that is freely filtered, not reabsorbed, and fully secreted equals:
Which mineral is an important constituent of body proteins, chondroitin sulfates present in hair and nails?
Which mineral is an important constituent of body proteins, chondroitin sulfates present in hair and nails?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism contributes to a decrease in plasma calcium concentration?
Which mechanism contributes to a decrease in plasma calcium concentration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ cannot perform beta oxidation, thus requiring the use of ketone bodies when glucose stores are depleted?
Which organ cannot perform beta oxidation, thus requiring the use of ketone bodies when glucose stores are depleted?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is not commonly associated with severe diabetes?
Which symptom is not commonly associated with severe diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the mixture constituting bile include?
What does the mixture constituting bile include?
Signup and view all the answers
What results when cholesterol precipitates from solution in the body?
What results when cholesterol precipitates from solution in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term refers to the yellowing of body tissues due to bilirubin deposition?
Which term refers to the yellowing of body tissues due to bilirubin deposition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure is essential for the production of ultrafiltrate based on blood flow?
Which structure is essential for the production of ultrafiltrate based on blood flow?
Signup and view all the answers
What is not a part of the investigation of acute kidney injury?
What is not a part of the investigation of acute kidney injury?
Signup and view all the answers
What is reduced tubular function with a normal glomerular filtration rate characterized by?
What is reduced tubular function with a normal glomerular filtration rate characterized by?
Signup and view all the answers
Which plasma concentration rises after a meal, unlike plasma cholesterol?
Which plasma concentration rises after a meal, unlike plasma cholesterol?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF) as a percentage of body weight for a 70 kg individual?
Which of the following is the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF) as a percentage of body weight for a 70 kg individual?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic of water accelerates many chemical reactions in the body?
What characteristic of water accelerates many chemical reactions in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition describes an increase in extracellular fluid volume but normal plasma osmolarity due to simultaneous water and solute gain?
What condition describes an increase in extracellular fluid volume but normal plasma osmolarity due to simultaneous water and solute gain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary regulator of water intake?
What is the primary regulator of water intake?
Signup and view all the answers
What effects can occur due to disturbances in acid-base balance?
What effects can occur due to disturbances in acid-base balance?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is characterized by increased pCO2 due to inadequate alveolar ventilation?
What condition is characterized by increased pCO2 due to inadequate alveolar ventilation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a condition that can cause respiratory alkalosis?
Which of the following is an example of a condition that can cause respiratory alkalosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What minerals are required for a variety of physiological functions?
What minerals are required for a variety of physiological functions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process results in the formation of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in B-cells?
Which process results in the formation of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in B-cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following functions is not performed by the liver?
Which of the following functions is not performed by the liver?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is associated with liver metabolism?
Which of the following is associated with liver metabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structures are found in the cortex of the kidney?
Which structures are found in the cortex of the kidney?
Signup and view all the answers
Reduced glomerular filtration rate with normal tubular function is characterized by which condition?
Reduced glomerular filtration rate with normal tubular function is characterized by which condition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is primarily monitored in the investigation of acute kidney injury?
Which component is primarily monitored in the investigation of acute kidney injury?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition can result from abnormal levels of lipids, especially cholesterol?
What condition can result from abnormal levels of lipids, especially cholesterol?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is not a cause of high cholesterol?
Which factor is not a cause of high cholesterol?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of body weight does the intracellular fluid (ICF) approximate to?
What percentage of body weight does the intracellular fluid (ICF) approximate to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition involves a loss of volume due to water, but not solute, resulting in increased plasma osmolarity?
Which condition involves a loss of volume due to water, but not solute, resulting in increased plasma osmolarity?
Signup and view all the answers
What regulates fluid levels in the body within a narrow range?
What regulates fluid levels in the body within a narrow range?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one function of water due to its ionizing power?
What is one function of water due to its ionizing power?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is associated with the kidneys and leads to a decrease in pH?
Which condition is associated with the kidneys and leads to a decrease in pH?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the major cation that contributes significantly to the osmolality of the extracellular fluid?
What is the major cation that contributes significantly to the osmolality of the extracellular fluid?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mineral is essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin (Hb)?
Which mineral is essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin (Hb)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following changes does not occur in blood chemistry during severe diarrhea?
Which of the following changes does not occur in blood chemistry during severe diarrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the hormone ADH?
What is the primary function of the hormone ADH?
Signup and view all the answers
Polydipsia is characterized by which symptom?
Polydipsia is characterized by which symptom?
Signup and view all the answers
After how many hours is blood glucose measured in a glucose tolerance test?
After how many hours is blood glucose measured in a glucose tolerance test?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements does not apply to type 1 diabetes?
Which of the following statements does not apply to type 1 diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
The normal value of iron in infants is:
The normal value of iron in infants is:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the yellowish product of normal RBC catabolism?
Which of the following is the yellowish product of normal RBC catabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
Insulin is a dimer. How many amino acids are present in the A and B chains, respectively?
Insulin is a dimer. How many amino acids are present in the A and B chains, respectively?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following elements is responsible for gray hair?
Which of the following elements is responsible for gray hair?
Signup and view all the answers
A student is nervous for a big exam and is breathing rapidly. What do you expect?
A student is nervous for a big exam and is breathing rapidly. What do you expect?
Signup and view all the answers
Metabolic alkalosis includes all the following except?
Metabolic alkalosis includes all the following except?
Signup and view all the answers
Transport of sodium in the renal tubules involves:
Transport of sodium in the renal tubules involves:
Signup and view all the answers
The pH of the body fluids is stabilized by buffer systems. Which of the following buffers is the most effective buffer system at physiological pH?
The pH of the body fluids is stabilized by buffer systems. Which of the following buffers is the most effective buffer system at physiological pH?
Signup and view all the answers
What are hormones inhibiting gluconeogenesis?
What are hormones inhibiting gluconeogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following enzyme is a sensitive marker of alcoholic liver disease?
Which of the following enzyme is a sensitive marker of alcoholic liver disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following laboratory measurement best indicates blood glucose control over a period of weeks?
Which of the following laboratory measurement best indicates blood glucose control over a period of weeks?
Signup and view all the answers
Hyponatremia is decreased in serum Na concentrations <136mEq/L and caused by?
Hyponatremia is decreased in serum Na concentrations <136mEq/L and caused by?
Signup and view all the answers
What triggers the release of intracellular potassium into the extracellular space?
What triggers the release of intracellular potassium into the extracellular space?
Signup and view all the answers
What is aldosterone's role in potassium balance?
What is aldosterone's role in potassium balance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a feature of metabolic acidosis?
What is a feature of metabolic acidosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What increases plasma zinc levels?
What increases plasma zinc levels?
Signup and view all the answers
Which element catalyzes the formation of hemoglobin?
Which element catalyzes the formation of hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cation is predominant in plasma?
Which cation is predominant in plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of bilirubin diglucuronide?
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of bilirubin diglucuronide?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the respiratory system contribute to acid-base balance?
How does the respiratory system contribute to acid-base balance?
Signup and view all the answers
The biochemical investigation of the blood specimen showed Bilirubin- 4.5 mg/dl, ALT- 150 IU/L, AST- 200 IU/L, and Albumin- 25 mg/dL. What is the likely biochemical diagnosis?
The biochemical investigation of the blood specimen showed Bilirubin- 4.5 mg/dl, ALT- 150 IU/L, AST- 200 IU/L, and Albumin- 25 mg/dL. What is the likely biochemical diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not the metabolic function of the liver?
Which of the following is not the metabolic function of the liver?
Signup and view all the answers
A person weighing 86.5 kg has how much plasma in the body?
A person weighing 86.5 kg has how much plasma in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these serum measurements are used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 and type II?
Which of these serum measurements are used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 and type II?
Signup and view all the answers
Quantitatively, what is the most significant buffer system in plasma?
Quantitatively, what is the most significant buffer system in plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate amount of water produced during oxidation of food in an adult?
What is the approximate amount of water produced during oxidation of food in an adult?
Signup and view all the answers
Hypokalemia occurs in which condition?
Hypokalemia occurs in which condition?
Signup and view all the answers
Deficiency of magnesium is commonly associated with which condition?
Deficiency of magnesium is commonly associated with which condition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compartment contains the least amount of total body water (TBW)?
Which compartment contains the least amount of total body water (TBW)?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition occurs when the extracellular fluid (ECF) decreases due to a simultaneous decrease in both water and solutes, while osmolarity remains normal?
What condition occurs when the extracellular fluid (ECF) decreases due to a simultaneous decrease in both water and solutes, while osmolarity remains normal?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal ion deficiency causes acrodermatitis enteropathica due to absorption issues?
Which metal ion deficiency causes acrodermatitis enteropathica due to absorption issues?
Signup and view all the answers
High concentrations of which metal ion are found in tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments, such as the retina and dark skin?
High concentrations of which metal ion are found in tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments, such as the retina and dark skin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is indicated by fluid overload?
Which condition is indicated by fluid overload?
Signup and view all the answers
When the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) is activated due to changes in body hemodynamics, which hormone do juxtaglomerular cells release?
When the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) is activated due to changes in body hemodynamics, which hormone do juxtaglomerular cells release?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Urobilinogen and Bilirubin
- Urobilinogen is absent in urine, but bilirubin is present, indicating a problem with the liver or bile ducts.
- Microglobulin excretion in urine is a sensitive indicator of tubular damage.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
- When a substance is freely filtered, not reabsorbed, and fully secreted, its clearance is equal to GFR.
- GFR is an important indicator of kidney function.
Lipoproteins
- Lipoproteins differ in their composition, density, and functions.
- Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in the bloodstream.
Diabetes Mellitus
- Pro-insulin is processed in the endoplasmic reticulum by removing a leader sequence of 23 amino acids.
- The main symptoms of severe diabetes include polyuria, thirst, blurred vision, and weight loss.
Disorders of the Liver
- The main disorders of the liver include jaundice, cirrhosis, tumors, and hepatitis.
- Bile is a mixture of electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bilirubin.
Cholesterol
- Gallstones are formed when cholesterol precipitates from solution, often due to liver damage or obstruction of a bile duct.
- Jaundice is a clinical term referring to the yellowing of body tissues due to the deposition of bilirubin.
Water and Electrolyte Balance
- Water accelerates a large number of chemical reactions in the body due to its ionizing power.
- Hypervolemia occurs when too much water and solute are absorbed at the same time, leading to an increase in extracellular fluid volume.
- The thirst mechanism is the primary regulator of water intake and involves hormonal and neural input as well as voluntary behaviors.
Acid-Base Balance
- Respiratory acidosis is characterized by increased pCO2 due to inadequate alveolar ventilation (hypoventilation) and consequent reduced elimination of CO2 from the blood.
- Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid or cannot remove enough acid from the body.
- The body has mechanisms that regulate fluid levels within a narrow range, including ADH, thirst, sympathetic nervous system, and kidneys.
Minerals
- Sodium absorption is very efficient in both the small intestine and colon.
- The level of potassium in the blood can be affected by various factors, including vomiting, diarrhea, and Cushing syndrome.
- Zinc is an essential mineral required for a variety of physiological functions, including transport of oxygen, working of the nervous system, and muscle contraction.
Insulin and Glucagon
- Insulin is synthesized in the beta cells of the pancreatic islets and promotes glucose uptake and storage.
- Glucagon, produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets, promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Kidney Function
- The cortex of the kidney contains the glomeruli, proximal convoluted tubules, and distal convoluted tubules.
- The kidney performs major functions, including excretion, synthesis, detoxification, and storage.
Lipid Metabolism
-
Abnormal levels of lipids, especially cholesterol, can lead to atherosclerosis and other problems.
-
LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, while HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is referred to as "good" cholesterol.### Fluid Balance and Electrolytes
-
Dehydration occurs when ECF decreases due to a decrease in both water and solute at the same time, but osmolarity remains normal.
-
Hypervolemia is the opposite of dehydration, where ECF increases due to an increase in both water and solute.
-
Overhydration is not the same as hypervolemia, as it refers to an excess of water in the body.
Mineral Deficiencies
- Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a condition caused by the inability to absorb zinc ions.
- Zinc deficiency leads to skin lesions, impaired wound healing, and impaired immune function.
Tissue Distribution of Minerals
- Tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments, such as the retina and dark skin, tend to have high concentrations of copper.
- Copper is essential for the production of melanin, which gives color to the skin and hair.
Fluid Overload and Hormonal Regulation
- Fluid overload causes hypervolemia, which can lead to edema and hypertension.
- The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in response to changes in body hemodynamics, such as decreased blood volume or pressure.
- When the RAAS is activated, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys to release renin.
- Renin catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin, which stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone.
- Aldosterone targets the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts in the kidneys, stimulating the reabsorption of sodium and water.
Aldosterone Function
- Aldosterone plays a crucial role in regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
- It increases the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys, leading to increased blood volume and pressure.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers various aspects of renal function and urine analysis, including the presence of urobilinogen and bilirubin in urine, microglobulin excretion, proteinuria, and clearance of substances. It's a great resource for medical students and professionals.