44 Questions
What is the primary function of the bladder in the urinary tract?
To store urine and void intermittently under voluntary control
What is the primary complication of cystitis?
Pyelonephritis
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of urinary tract disease?
Numbness in the legs
What is the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) per year?
50,000/million/year
What is the characteristic of chronic cystitis in terms of bladder wall?
Decreased distensibility
Which of the following is a major form of urinary tract infection?
Cystitis
What is the primary method of diagnosis for cystitis?
Urine bacterial count
What is the most common cause of cystitis?
Infection
What is the recommended duration of antibiotic treatment for cystitis?
3-5 days
What is the effect of radiation on the bladder?
Sterile cystitis
Which of the following is a common disease of the urinary tract in men?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
What is the benefit of high fluid intake in treating cystitis?
Flushes out bacteria from the bladder
What is the percentage of bladder epithelial cell tumors that are transitional cell carcinomas?
90%
What is the most common presentation of transitional cell carcinoma?
Painless hematuria
What is the risk factor for transitional cell carcinoma?
All of the above
What is the type of metaplasia that can occur in the bladder?
All of the above
What is the percentage of women and men over 65 years old who experience urinary incontinence?
25% of women and 15% of men
What is the type of incontinence that occurs when intra-abdominal pressure is increased?
Stress incontinence
What is the treatment for urge incontinence?
All of the above
What is the type of tumour that accounts for 2-3% of epithelial tumours of the bladder?
Benign tumour
What is the investigation to be done in cases of recurrent urinary tract infections?
Investigation for urinary tract disorders
Which of the following is not a symptom of urinary tract infection?
Painful hematuria
Schistosoma is a type of bacterium that can cause cystitis.
False
Radiation is a cause of sterile cystitis.
True
Cranberry juice is a recommended treatment for cystitis.
True
Pyelonephritis is a complication of chronic cystitis.
True
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a type of fungus that can cause cystitis.
False
Fibrous thickening and scarring of the bladder wall are characteristics of acute cystitis.
False
Urinary retention is a symptom of urinary tract disease.
True
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is more common in women than men.
False
Cystitis is an inflammation of the kidney.
False
Urinary incontinence is more common in men than women.
False
E. coli is not a pathogen that can cause urinary tract infection (UTI).
False
The bladder stores urine and voids continuously under involuntary control.
False
Painless haematuria is a symptom of urinary tract infection.
False
Metaplastic changes in the bladder can undergo squamous metaplasia and intestinal or glandular metaplasia only.
False
Transitional cell carcinomas are common in individuals under 50 years old.
False
Radiation is a treatment for transitional cell carcinoma.
False
Cystoscopy is used to diagnose urinary tract infections.
False
Urinary incontinence is more common in men than women over 65 years old.
False
Pelvic floor exercises are a treatment for urge incontinence.
False
Analgesic abuse is a risk factor for urinary tract infections.
False
Five-year survival for transitional cell carcinoma is 80% if local invasion is present on presentation.
False
Overflow incontinence is commonly seen in women after childbirth.
False
Study Notes
• Urinary tract disorders include urinary tract infection, bladder cancer, and urinary incontinence. • The urinary tract consists of the kidneys, bladder, and urethra, with the bladder storing urine and voiding intermittently under voluntary control. • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in men, while urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in women, and urinary incontinence affects both sexes. • Symptoms of urinary tract disease include frequency of micturition, dysuria, haematuria, and urinary retention. • Urinary tract infection (UTI) has an incidence of 50,000/million/year, accounting for 1-2% of patients in primary care, and is more common in women. • Cystitis is a common form of UTI, characterized by inflammation of the bladder, and can be acute or chronic. • Cystitis is mainly caused by infection, with E. coli and Proteus being the most common pathogens, and can also be caused by radiation or drugs. • Symptoms of cystitis include urgency, frequency, dysuria, and lower abdominal pain and tenderness, with complications including pyelonephritis. • Diagnosis of cystitis involves urine bacterial count, microscopy, and WBCs, and treatment typically involves a 3-5 day course of antibiotics and high fluid intake. • Bladder tumours can be benign or malignant, with transitional cell carcinomas being the most common type of malignant tumour. • Transitional cell carcinomas are more common in men, typically affect individuals over 50 years old, and are often asymptomatic until incurable at diagnosis. • Risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma include smoking, exposure to acrylamine chemicals, and certain drugs. • Pathology of transitional cell carcinoma involves two main types: papillary and sessile tumours, which can be in situ or invasive and graded according to cytological atypia. • Symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma include painless haematuria, symptoms of UTI, and symptoms of local invasion. • Diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma involves urine cytological examination and cystoscopy for pathology, and treatment depends on the stage and histological grade. • Urinary incontinence is defined as involuntary loss of urine, affecting 25% of women and 15% of men over 65 years old. • Types of urinary incontinence include urge incontinence, stress incontinence, overflow incontinence, and functional incontinence. • Treatment of urinary incontinence depends on the type, with options including bladder training, antimuscarinics, pelvic floor exercises, removal of obstruction, and improvement of facilities.
Test your knowledge of urinary tract disorders, including urinary tract infections, bladder cancer, and urinary incontinence. Learn about the pathological features and clinical characteristics of these diseases. Improve your understanding of the urinary tract system and its functions.
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