Urinary System Questions Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Name the 4 organs of the urinary system.

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

The kidneys are held in place by the...

adipose capsule.

Backup of urine into the kidneys is called...

hydronephrosis.

Abnormally low urine output of 100 ml to 400 ml/day is called...

oliguria. Signup and view all the answers

The pigment that gives urine its color is called...

urochrome. Signup and view all the answers

The triangular region of the bladder that is outlined by two openings of the ureter and urethra is called...

trigone. Signup and view all the answers

Urinary bladder infection is called...

cystitis. Signup and view all the answers

Name the 4 functions of the kidney.

Make urine, convert vitamin D to active form, dispose of waste, regulate blood volume. Signup and view all the answers

Each kidney contains about ____ nephrons.

1 million. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a nephron?

Forms and filters urine. Signup and view all the answers

Provide the pathway of the arterial blood supply through the kidney.

Renal artery - segmental - lobular - interlobular - afferent arterioles - glomerulus - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries - renal vein. Signup and view all the answers

Is blood pressure in the glomerulus high or low?

False Signup and view all the answers

Give 4 characteristics of normal urine.

Sterile, more dense than water, smells slightly, contains ammonia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the gravity of normal urine?

1.001 - 1.005. Signup and view all the answers

A noninvasive treatment of kidney stones is called...

lithotripsy. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the bladder able to expand?

It has transitional epithelium. Signup and view all the answers

How much urine is the bladder usually full with?

500 ml. Signup and view all the answers

The voluntary sphincter associated with the urethra is called...

external urethral sphincter. Signup and view all the answers

Describe 4 symptoms of a typical urinary infection.

Dysuria, urgency, frequency, cloudy urine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the enlargement of the prostate gland called?

hyperplasia. Signup and view all the answers

How many liters of blood plasma does the kidney process in 24 hours?

150-180 L. Signup and view all the answers

Name the 4 major roles of the kidney.

Rid of nitrogenous waste, maintain water and electrolyte balance, manage pH of blood. Signup and view all the answers

How much of a healthy young adult weight is water weight?

1/2. Signup and view all the answers

The hormone that acts on the kidney to regulate sodium ion in the ECF is...

aldosterone. Signup and view all the answers

What percent of sodium is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

80%. Signup and view all the answers

What is a polycystic kidney condition?

Degenerative, blisters or sacs with urine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average output of urine per day for adults?

1500 ml/day. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common urinary tract infection?

E. Coli. Signup and view all the answers

Name the functions of the bladder, urethra, renal artery, and ureter.

Stores urine - Bladder; Transport urine to body exterior - Urethra; Transport arterial blood to kidney - Renal artery; Transport urine to urinary bladder - Ureter. Signup and view all the answers

Describe these terms: cortex, medulla, calyx, renal capsule, renal column, and renal pelvis.

Renal capsule - smooth membrane clinging tightly to the kidney surface; Medulla - portion of kidney containing mostly collecting ducts; Cortex - portion of the kidney containing the bulk of the nephron structures and superficial region of kidney tissue; Renal pelvis - basinlike area of the kidney, continuous with ureter; Calyx - an extension of the pelvis that encircles the apex of a pyramid; Renal column - area of cortex-like tissue running between the medullary pyramids. Signup and view all the answers

Describe these 4 parts: glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and parietal capillaries.

Glomerulus - site of filtration; Proximal convoluted tubule - primary site of tubular reabsorption; Collecting duct - structure that conveys the filtered urine to the renal pelvis; Parietal capillaries - blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the glomerulus such a high-pressure capillary bed?

Blood that enters into a longer tube creates high pressure. Signup and view all the answers

How does high pressure condition aid its function of filtrate formation?

It leaves proteins and sugars in the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

What structural modification of certain tubule cells enhance their ability to reabsorb substances from the filtrate?

Podocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Trace the anatomical pathway of a creatinine molecule from the glomerular capsule to the urethra.

Glomerular capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - collecting ducts - renal cortex - medullary pyramid - calyces - renal pelvis - ureter - bladder. Signup and view all the answers

List 3 nitrogenous wastes that are routinely found in urine.

Urea, uric acid, creatinine. Signup and view all the answers

List 3 substances that are absent from the filtrate and urine of healthy adults.

Blood, proteins, sugars. Signup and view all the answers

List 2 substances that are routinely found in filtrate but not in urine product.

Amino acids and glucose. Signup and view all the answers

How does a urinary tract infection influence urine pH?

Bacteria makes pH higher = basic urine. Signup and view all the answers

How does starvation influence urine pH?

Urine becomes acidic because your body is breaking down amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

State these abnormal urine conditions: blood in urine, hemolytic anemia, eating too much candy in one sitting, pregnancy, starvation, urinary tract infection.

Blood in urine - hematuria; Hemolytic anemia - hemoglobinuria; Eating too much candy - glycosuria; Pregnancy - albuminuria; Starvation - ketonuria; Urinary tract infection - pyuria. Signup and view all the answers

What conditions favor kidney stones?

Alkaline urine and higher concentration of solutes. Signup and view all the answers

Why does urine become alkaline and cloudy standing at room temperature?

Bacteria breaks down urea for ammonia. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urinary System Overview

Key organs of the urinary system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
Kidneys are supported by the adipose capsule.
Backup of urine into the kidneys is called hydronephrosis.

Urine Characteristics and Production

Oliguria refers to an abnormally low urine output of 100 ml to 400 ml per day.
Urachrome is the pigment responsible for urine's color.
Normal urine characteristics: sterile, denser than water, slight odor, contains ammonia.
Normal urine specific gravity ranges from 1.001 to 1.005.
Average adult urine output is around 1500 ml/day.
Urine's pH can be influenced by conditions such as urinary tract infections or starvation.

Kidney Functions and Structure

Four primary functions of the kidneys: urine formation, vitamin D conversion, waste disposal, blood volume regulation.
Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons, which are responsible for filtering urine.
Blood pressure in the glomerulus is high, facilitating effective filtration.

Nephron Components

Nephrons have several parts: glomerulus (filtration site), proximal convoluted tubule (tubular reabsorption), and collecting duct (conveys urine).
Podocytes on tubule cells enhance reabsorption capabilities.
The anatomical path of creatinine from glomerular capsule to urethra includes key structures like the proximal convoluted tubule and renal pelvis.

Urinary Tract and Bladder

The bladder's trigone is defined by openings of the ureters and urethra.
Urinary bladder infection known as cystitis.
Bladder typically holds around 500 ml of urine and can expand due to its transitional epithelium.

Blood and Hormonal Regulation

The kidneys process between 150-180 liters of blood plasma daily.
Aldosterone regulates sodium ions in the extracellular fluid.
Approximately 80% of sodium is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule.

Common Disorders and Symptoms

E. coli is the most common pathogen responsible for urinary tract infections.
Symptoms of urinary infections include dysuria, urgency, frequency, and cloudy urine.
Prostate gland enlargement is referred to as hypertrophy.

Abnormal Urine Conditions

Hematuria refers to blood in urine, while hemoglobinuria occurs with hemolytic anemia.
Glycosuria is associated with excessive sugar intake, and albuminuria can occur during pregnancy.
Ketones in urine, known as ketonuria, are often present during starvation.
Higher concentrations of solutes and alkaline urine favor kidney stone formation.

Urine Changes over Time

Urine can become alkaline and cloudy when standing due to bacterial breakdown of urea into ammonia.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the urinary system with these flashcards. The questions cover various aspects, including the organs involved and common conditions related to urinary health. Perfect for students studying anatomy or anyone interested in human biology.