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What are the main organs that make up the urinary system?
What are the main organs that make up the urinary system?
The main organs of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
What is the hilum of the kidney?
What is the hilum of the kidney?
The hilum of the kidney is the concave medial border where blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, and the ureter enter and exit the kidney.
The left kidney is generally lower than the right kidney.
The left kidney is generally lower than the right kidney.
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What are the two main divisions of the kidney's internal structure?
What are the two main divisions of the kidney's internal structure?
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What is the function of the ureters?
What is the function of the ureters?
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How many sites of constriction are there in the ureters?
How many sites of constriction are there in the ureters?
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The urinary bladder is located in the thoracic cavity.
The urinary bladder is located in the thoracic cavity.
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Describe the shape and capacity of the urinary bladder.
Describe the shape and capacity of the urinary bladder.
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What is the difference between the apex and base of the urinary bladder?
What is the difference between the apex and base of the urinary bladder?
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What is the name of the opening at the bottom of the urinary bladder?
What is the name of the opening at the bottom of the urinary bladder?
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How many parts does the male urethra have?
How many parts does the male urethra have?
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What are the main functions of the prostate?
What are the main functions of the prostate?
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What is the significance of the external urethral orifice?
What is the significance of the external urethral orifice?
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Describe the key features of the female urethra.
Describe the key features of the female urethra.
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Which of the following is NOT a covering of the kidney?
Which of the following is NOT a covering of the kidney?
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The left kidney is related to the spleen.
The left kidney is related to the spleen.
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The right kidney is related to the duodenum.
The right kidney is related to the duodenum.
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The diaphragm directly contacts the posterior surface of the kidneys.
The diaphragm directly contacts the posterior surface of the kidneys.
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What are the three layers of the bladder wall?
What are the three layers of the bladder wall?
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What is the difference between the prostatic and membranous urethra?
What is the difference between the prostatic and membranous urethra?
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Study Notes
Urinary System Overview
- The urinary system is composed of organs that filter waste from the blood and excrete it as urine.
- The system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.
Kidney Structure and Function
- Kidneys are located on each side of the vertebral column, extending from the 12th thoracic to the 3rd lumbar vertebra.
- The right kidney is slightly lower than the left.
- The average kidney is about 12 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 3 cm thick.
- The kidney has two surfaces and two borders, and two ends.
- The lateral border is convex, the medial border is convex at both ends, and concave in the middle.
- The medial border's middle is called the hilum.
- The hilum houses renal vessels and nerves, along with the renal pelvis (a dilated sac that connects to the ureter).
- The kidney has an outer cortex and an inner medulla that filter the blood to create urine.
Kidney Relations
- Anterior Surface (Right Kidney): The right kidney is adjacent to the liver, duodenum, colon, and small intestine, as well as the right suprarenal gland.
- Anterior Surface (Left Kidney): The left kidney is adjacent to the spleen, pancreas, stomach, colon, and small intestine, as well as the left suprarenal gland.
- Posterior Surface: The kidneys are located behind the diaphragm and the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall (psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis).
Kidney Coverings
- The kidney is covered by a fibrous capsule.
- A layer of perirenal fat surrounds the fibrous capsule.
- Renal fascia surrounds the perirenal fat.
- Another layer of pararenal fat surrounds the renal fascia.
Ureters
- Two muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
- Each ureter is approximately 25-30 cm long.
- Part of the ureter's path is within the abdomen, and the other half is in the pelvis.
- The ureter originates from the hilum of each kidney.
- The ureter passes through constrictions (narrowing). Constrictions are located at the ureteropelvic junction, where it crosses the common iliac artery, and at the ureterovesical junction.
Urinary Bladder
- A hollow organ that stores urine.
- Located in the pelvic cavity, directly behind the public bones.
- Shaped like a three-sided pyramid; with a capacity of approximately 220 ml
- Maximum capacity without discomfort is about 500 ml.
- Its apex is continuous with the median umbilical ligament.
- Base is directed posteriorly.
- Three surfaces: One superior and two inferolateral surfaces.
- The base is triangular.
- Each surface and base relate to other organs including vas deferens, cervix of uterus, the anterior wall of vagina.
- Ureters enter the bladder's superior-lateral angle of the base
- The inferior angle of the bladder relates to the urethra.
- The urethra in males is continuous with the prostatic part of the urethra.
- The urethra in females is continuous only with the urethra.
Male Urethra
- About 20 cm long, the male urethra is divided into three parts:
- Prostatic urethra (3 cm long): Widest portion, beginning at the neck of the urinary bladder and surrounded by the prostate; the ejaculatory duct opens into the prostatic urethra.
- Membraneous urethra (1 cm long): Narrowest and shortest portion.
- Spongy urethra (16 cm long): Longest portion; runs through the penis and ends at the external urethral orifice.
Female Urethra
- Short (approximately 4 cm long)
- Begins at the neck of the bladder.
- Its upper part is surrounded by the sphincter urethra.
- Shorter, wider, and more dilatable than the male urethra.
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Description
Explore the components of the urinary system and the intricate structure of the kidneys. This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of kidneys, including their location, relationships, and role in filtering blood to produce urine.
