60 Questions
What is the primary function of the fibrous capsule in the kidneys?
To cover the outer surface of the entire organ
Which connective tissue layer surrounding the kidneys contains adipose tissue?
Perinephric fat
Which of the following dimensions accurately describes a typical adult kidney?
10 cm long, 5.5 cm wide, 3 cm thick
What is the role of the renal fascia?
To provide a dense, fibrous outer layer
How much does a typical adult kidney weigh?
150 g
What is the function of the afferent arterioles in the kidneys?
Deliver blood to capillaries supplying individual nephrons
Which of the following is a characteristic of the ureteral openings in the urinary bladder?
They are slit-like to prevent backflow of urine
Where do cortical radiate veins drain blood?
Into the arcuate veins
What is the role of the urinary bladder in the urinary system?
To temporarily store urine
Transitional epithelium lines which structure(s) of the urinary system?
Minor and major calyces, ureters, and proximal portion of the urethra
Which structure is attached to the posterior abdominal wall and extends from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
Which structure directly receives blood from the renal artery?
Segmental arteries
What is the correct order of blood flow starting from the arcuate arteries?
Interlobular arteries -> Afferent arterioles -> Glomerulus -> Efferent arterioles
Which capillaries help maintain the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla?
Vasa recta
What is the primary function of the peritubular capillaries?
Exchange of nutrients and waste products
Into which structure do the efferent arterioles empty?
Peritubular capillaries
What is the role of interlobular arteries in the kidney?
They supply blood to afferent arterioles
Where do the renal venules collect blood from?
Vasa recta and peritubular capillaries
From which structure do the arcuate veins receive blood?
Renal venules
Where are the kidneys located in relation to the organs of the digestive tract?
Posterior
Which part of the body provides partial protection to the upper parts of the kidneys?
11th and 12th ribs
What space do the kidneys lie in?
Retroperitoneal space
Which structures are involved in protecting and stabilizing each kidney?
Three concentric layers of connective tissue
The kidneys are located on either side of which anatomical structure?
The vertebral column
Which part of the urinary bladder acts as a funnel to channel urine into the urethra?
The trigone
What is the primary role of the internal urethral sphincter?
To provide involuntary control of urine discharge
What structure in the urinary bladder disappears as the bladder fills?
The rugae
Where is the urethral entrance located in the urinary bladder?
At the apex of the trigone
Which organ is not directly involved in urine transport, storage, or elimination?
Rectum
Which statement correctly describes the urinary bladder?
It lies inferior to the peritoneum.
Which of the following segments of the renal tubule directly connects to the Bowman's capsule?
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Where are the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) primarily located?
Renal cortex
What is the main role of the loop of Henle within the nephron?
Reabsorbing water and salts to concentrate urine
Approximately how many nephrons are found in each kidney?
0.8 to 1.5 million
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nephrons?
Producing red blood cells
What surrounds the glomerulus in the nephron?
Bowman's capsule
Which structure is NOT part of the blood supply to the kidneys?
Renal corpuscle
How much cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
20-25 percent
Through which artery does blood enter the kidneys?
Renal artery
Where does the filtrate flow after passing through the distal convoluted tubule?
Collecting duct
Which body fluids collected during dissection can reveal drugs ingested by the victim in the hours before death?
Stomach contents and ocular fluid
What information can urinalysis provide in forensic investigations?
Drugs used during the past several days
What can hair analysis reveal in a forensic investigation?
Chronic heavy metal ingestion
How can the position of the body at a crime scene be useful?
To provide information about the cause of death
Which combination of exhibits collected during a dissection helps determine chronic exposure to substances?
Hair and ocular fluid
Which scenario would most likely be classified as accidental based on the provided example?
A deceased person found on a bed where the cause of death is smoke inhalation
Which structure within the kidney is bound to the outer surfaces of the structures within the renal sinus?
Fibrous renal capsule
Which of the following correctly describes the renal pyramids?
They are conical-shaped structures within the renal medulla.
What does the major calyx consist of?
Four or five minor calyces
Where do the ducts from the renal papilla discharge urine into?
Minor calyx
What is the superficial portion of the kidney that comes into contact with the renal capsule?
Renal cortex
Which structure is the large, funnel-shaped chamber within the kidney?
Renal pelvis
Which of the following structures stabilizes the positions of the ureter, renal blood vessels, and nerves?
Renal sinus
Which structure is described as being reddish brown and granular?
Renal cortex
Which structure within the kidney is directly responsible for urine production?
Nephrons
The renal pelvis is connected to which of the following structures?
Ureter
What is the function of the renal papilla?
It drains urine into the minor calyx.
Which structure is described as a cavity within the kidney?
Renal sinus
Which part of the kidney is the apex of the renal pyramid directed towards?
Minor calyx
Which structure fills most of the renal sinus?
Major calyx
Study Notes
Nephron Components
- A nephron consists of a cup-like Bowman's capsule in the renal cortex and a coiled renal tubule that extends from the capsule.
- The renal tubule consists of three sections: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
- The PCT and DCT are located in the renal cortex, while the loop of Henle curves in and out of the renal medulla.
Blood Supply to the Kidneys
- Kidneys receive 20-25% of total cardiac output.
- 1200 mL of blood flows through kidneys each minute.
- Kidney receives blood through the renal artery.
- The renal artery branches into:
- Interlobar arteries
- Arcuate arteries
- Interlobular arteries
- Afferent arterioles
- Glomerulus
- Efferent arterioles
- Peritubular capillaries
- Vasa recta
- Renal venules
- Arcuate veins
- Interlobar veins
- Renal vein
Glomerulus
- A network of capillaries
- Site of filtration of blood to form urine
Renal Cortex and Medulla
- The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney
- The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney
- The renal cortex is reddish brown and granular
- The renal medulla contains renal pyramids
Renal Pyramids
- Cone-shaped structures in the renal medulla
- Connected to minor calyces
- Ducts discharge urine into minor calyces
Renal Sinus
- Internal cavity within kidney
- Lined by fibrous renal capsule
- Stabilizes positions of ureter, renal blood vessels, and nerves
Ureter
- A pair of muscular tubes
- Extends from kidneys to urinary bladder
- Begins at renal pelvis
- Is retroperitoneal, attached to posterior abdominal wall
- Penetrates posterior wall of the urinary bladder
- Passes through bladder wall at oblique angle
- Ureteral openings are slit-like rather than rounded
Urinary Bladder
- A hollow, muscular organ
- Functions as temporary reservoir for urine storage
- Full bladder can contain 1 liter of urine
- Has folds (rugae) that disappear as the bladder fills
- Trigone of the urinary bladder is a triangular area bounded by ureteral openings and entrance to urethra
Kidney Protection
- Each kidney is protected and stabilized by three concentric layers of connective tissue:
- Fibrous capsule
- Perinephric fat
- Renal fascia
Urinary System Structures
- Peritoneum
- Urinary bladder
- Pubic symphysis
- Prostate gland
- External urethral sphincter
- Spongy urethra
- External urethral orifice
- Urethra
- Urogenital diaphragm
- Left ureter
- Rectum
Kidney Location
- Located on either side of the vertebral column
- High along the back wall of the abdominal cavity, posterior to the digestive tract's organs
- Protected by muscle, fat, and ribs
Learn about the different structures of the urinary system, including the renal papilla, major calyx, renal pelvis, renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pyramids. Understand their functions and relationships.
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