Urinary System Conditions and Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary symptom associated with a colovaginal fistula?

  • Abdominal pain
  • Vaginal discharge
  • Painless hematuria (correct)
  • Urinary incontinence

Which of the following is NOT a component of a dermoid cyst?

  • Sebaceous secretions
  • Hair
  • Lymphatic fluid (correct)
  • Thyroid tissue

What is the primary characteristic of functional cysts formed on the ovary?

  • They are primarily caused by infections
  • They contain dense tissue
  • They are fluid-filled sacs (correct)
  • They are malignant in nature

What is the primary use of a pessary in medical treatments?

<p>To support internal structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary underlying cause of urinary tract infections in approximately one third of children?

<p>Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is typically considered for renal cell carcinoma?

<p>Surgical removal of the kidney (nephrectomy) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age does Wilm’s tumor most commonly onset?

<p>Around three years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of renal cell carcinoma?

<p>Severe itching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of ureteral diverticula?

<p>They can trap kidney stones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is accurate?

<p>It is linked to industrial chemical exposure and smoking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can be mistaken for kidney or bladder stones?

<p>Phleboliths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of bladder diverticula?

<p>They can lead to future infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of horseshoe kidneys?

<p>The lower poles of both kidneys are fused. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding duplication of collecting systems?

<p>It involves two ureters and one renal pelvis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from an ectopic kidney?

<p>Kidney stones or infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do most kidney stones form in relation to their materials?

<p>Mostly made of calcium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with kidney stones?

<p>Arrhythmia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?

<p>Urine backs up from bladder into the ureter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with vesicoureteral reflux?

<p>Hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic tool is commonly used for diagnosing vesicoureteral reflux?

<p>Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines kidney agenesis?

<p>The congenital absence of a kidney (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the presence of fluid-filled cysts that generally resolve on their own?

<p>Renal Cysts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?

<p>Pressure on nephrons leading to obstruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is generally not available for kidney hypoplasia?

<p>No treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging modality is preferred for diagnosing renal cysts?

<p>Ultrasound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly associated with renal abscesses?

<p>Bacterial infections originating from sepsis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions involves the presence of multiple cysts and may affect other organs like the liver and pancreas?

<p>Polycystic Kidney Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of untreated kidney agenesis?

<p>No treatment options are available (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Horseshoe Kidneys

Congenital condition where the lower poles of both kidneys fuse.

Kidney Agenesis

Congenital absence of a kidney.

Duplication of Collecting Systems

Congenital urinary anomaly with two ureters and one renal pelvis.

Kidney Hypoplasia

Diminished kidney growth, often congenital or infection related.

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Renal Abscess

Bacterial kidney infection.

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Ectopic Kidneys

Kidney located in an abnormal position.

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Renal Calculi

Kidney stones, most often calcium based.

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Renal Cysts

Fluid-filled sacs on the kidney.

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Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Hereditary kidney disease with multiple cysts.

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Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)

Abnormal urine flow from bladder back into ureter.

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Renal Calculi

Kidney stones.

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Hydroureter/Hydronephrosis

Urine buildup in ureter or kidney due to obstruction.

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Vesicoureteral Reflux

Urine flowing back from bladder to ureter.

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Kidney Stone Location

Stones can lodge at UPJ, ureter, UVJ, or bladder/urethra.

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Kidney Stone Composition

Most kidney stones are calcium based, some are uric acid.

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Horseshoe Kidneys

Congenital malformation where kidneys are fused.

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Colovaginal Fistula

An abnormal passageway connecting the vagina and rectum.

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Dermoid

A type of benign cyst containing mature skin elements like hair, teeth, and oil.

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Ovarian Cyst

A fluid-filled sac attached to the ovary.

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Functional Cyst

The most common type of cyst on the ovary.

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Pessary

A prosthetic device inserted into the vagina for support.

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VUR in children

A urinary tract infection in about one-third of children; often corrected with antibiotics, but surgery may be needed in serious cases.

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Renal Cell Carcinoma

Most common kidney cancer; often spreads to other organs (lungs, brain, liver, bone) and is deadly if found late. Symptoms include pain, blood in urine, and a noticeable abdominal mass.

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Wilm's Tumor

Common abdominal cancer in young children (average age 3). It creates a large noticeable belly bulge. Treatable with high survival rate.

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Ureteral/Bladder Diverticula

Bulges (weak spots) in the ureter or bladder; can cause infection or trap kidney stones; usually treated with antibiotics.

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Phleboliths

Small, calcified lumps in veins around the bladder; harmless and often mistaken for kidney stones.

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Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)

Most common bladder cancer, usually in men over 50; linked to industrial chemicals and smoking.

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Kidney Cancer Symptoms

Pain in the flank, blood in the urine, and an abdominal mass.

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Urothelial/Bladder Cancer

TCC accounts for a majority of cases in this class of urinary cancers.

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Study Notes

Urinary System

  • Kidney Agenesis/Atresia: Congenital absence of a kidney; often accompanied by other congenital defects; no treatment.
  • Kidney Hypoplasia: Diminished kidney growth, congenital or due to chronic infection; no treatment.
  • Renal Abscess: Bacterial infection of the kidney, often originating from sepsis or bladder infection; treated with antibiotics and possibly fluid aspiration.
  • Renal Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs in the kidney, often found in those over 50; usually resolve on their own; diagnosed via ultrasound.
  • Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): Hereditary disease causing multiple cysts in the kidneys; cysts expand, impairing function; diagnosed using IVP, CT scan, and ultrasound; treatment includes dialysis or transplant in advanced stages.
  • Horseshoe Kidneys: Congenital fusion of the lower kidney poles; causes collecting systems to be angled, potentially leading to stagnant urine and infections; no cure, management of symptoms.
  • Duplicate Collecting Systems: Common congenital anomaly; two ureters and one renal pelvis, which may join or enter bladder separately; typically no treatment.
  • Ectopic Kidneys: Kidney in abnormal location; typically no effect on urine output, but can lead to infections or kidney stones; usually treated symptomatically.
  • Renal Calculi: Kidney stones; form in the collecting system, potentially lodging at ureteropelvic junction (UPJ), ureterovesical junction (UVJ), or within the bladder; treatments include pain management, increased fluid intake, and in some cases, lithotripsy or surgery.
  • Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR): Urine flows back from the bladder into the ureter; often caused by hereditary conditions or bladder dysfunction; treated with antibiotics; severe cases may require surgery.
  • Renal Cell Carcinoma: Malignant kidney tumor; metastasizes to lungs, brain, liver, and bones; diagnosis usually involves advanced-stage symptoms including flank pain, hematuria, and abdominal mass; treatment usually includes nephrectomy.
  • Wilm's Tumor (Nephroblastoma): Most common abdominal neoplasm in infancy and early childhood (average age 3 years); diagnosed by large, palpable abdominal mass; early detection and treatment result in high survival rate.
  • Ureteral Diverticula: Outpouching of the ureter lining; may trap kidney stones or cause infections; no treatment other than addressing infections.
  • Bladder Diverticula: Hereditary, enlarged prostate, chronic bladder infection; can trap kidney stones or cause infections; treatment focuses on antibiotics to combat infection.
  • Phleboliths: Calcified valves within veins surrounding the bladder; not clinically significant.
  • Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC): Bladder cancer; typically affects men over 50; related to industrial chemicals and smoking; symptom is painless hematuria; treatment includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Reproductive System

  • Colovaginal Fistula: Abnormal passage between colon and vagina; can result from infections, enlarged prostate, or chronic infections; treatment focuses on addressing these issues.
  • Dermoid: Benign cyst (teratoma) containing mature skin tissues (hair, teeth, nails, cartilage) ; can occur in the ovaries or other locations; sometimes requires surgical removal.
  • Ovarian Cyst: Fluid-filled sac on the ovary; often a functional cyst; most ovarian cysts resolve, others may require intervention.
  • Pessary: Prosthetic device to support vaginal or pelvic organs, for incontinence or prolapse; can also be used as a contraceptive device.

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Description

This quiz covers various congenital and acquired conditions affecting the urinary system, including kidney agenesis, hypoplasia, and polycystic kidney disease. Participants will learn about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options associated with these conditions. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.

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