Kidney Function and Disorders Quiz

Study Notes

Digestive System

General Anatomy:
- Alimentary Canal: Tube from mouth to anus.
- GI Tract: Stomach and intestines.
- Accessory Organs: Liver, pancreas, gallbladder.
Tissue Layers (Deepest to Superficial):
- Mucosa: Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae.
- Submucosa: Loose connective tissue with vessels and nerves.
- Muscularis Externa: Smooth muscle for mixing and propulsion.
- Serosa: Areolar tissue + squamous mesothelium.
Nervous System of the Alimentary Canal:
- Enteric Nervous System (ENS): Nerves in esophagus, stomach, intestines.
- Submucosal Plexus: In submucosa.
- Myenteric Plexus: Between muscle layers of muscularis externa.
Circulation:
- Foregut: Esophageal arteries, celiac trunk.
- Midgut: Superior mesenteric artery.
- Hindgut: Inferior mesenteric artery.
- Hepatic Portal System: Veins from GI tract to liver.
Peritoneum & Mesenteries:
- Mesenteries: Connect organs to walls.
- Lesser Omentum: Stomach to liver.
- Greater Omentum: Apron-like; stomach's greater curvature.
Digestive Organs Overview (Mouth):
- Cheeks/Lips: Labial frenulum, vestibule.
- Palate: Hard (bony) and soft (with uvula).
- Teeth: Incisors, canines, premolars/molars.
Salivary Glands (Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual)

Additional Digestive Structures & Functions (from page 2)

Esophagus & Stomach:
- Esophagus: Behind trachea, to lower esophageal sphincter.
- Stomach: Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus, gastric rugae.
Stomach Microscopic Anatomy:
- Cells: Mucous (protection), Parietal (HCl), Chief (pepsinogen), Enteroendocrine (hormones).
Small Intestine:
- Sections: Duodenum (mixing), Jejunum (absorption), Ileum (lymphatic Peyer's patches).
- Microscopic: Villi with enterocytes (absorption), goblet cells (mucus).
Large Intestine:
- Sections: Cecum (appendix), colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, anus.
- Features: Haustra (pouches), taeniae coli (muscle bands), goblet cells (mucus).
Liver:
- Functions: Bile production, blood processing.
- Anatomy: Right, left, quadrate, caudate lobes; falciform ligament.
- Microscopic: Hepatocytes, sinusoids, Kupffer cells.
Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile.
Pancreas:
- Exocrine: Acinar cells → enzymes, bicarbonate.
- Endocrine: Islets.

Digestive System Diseases (from page 2)

Appendicitis: Inflamed appendix, risk of rupture.
Ascites: Fluid buildup in peritoneal cavity (from liver disease, etc.)
Ulcerative Colitis: Chronic large intestine inflammation.
Crohn's Disease: Inflammation of intestines with lesions and fibrosis.

Urinary System (from page 3)

Components: 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, urethra.
Kidney Function: Filter blood, excrete waste (mainly nitrogenous).
Kidney Anatomy:
- Position: Retroperitoneal, near vertebrae T12-L3 (right lower than left).
- Protection: Three layers: renal fascia, fat capsule, fibrous capsule.
- Structure: Hilum (entry/exit), cortex (outer), medulla (inner), renal pyramids, calyces, renal pelvis.
Nephron (Functional Unit):
- Renal Corpuscle: Glomerulus + Bowman's capsule, podocytes.
- Renal Tubules: PCT (reabsorption), nephron loop (water/salt balance), DCT (ion regulation), collecting ducts.
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Regulates blood pressure.
Ureters, Bladder, Urethra: Structures for urine transport and storage.

Kidney Additional Notes (page 3):

-Position: Retroperitoneal, near vertebrae T12-L3 (right lower than left).
-Protection: Three layers: renal fascia, fat capsule, fibrous capsule.
-Structure: Hilum (entry/exit), cortex (outer), medulla (inner), renal pyramids, calyces, renal pelvis.
- Nephron (Functional Unit):
   -Renal Corpuscle: Glomerulus + Bowman's capsule, podocytes forming filtration slits
   -Renal Tubules: PCT (reabsorption), nephron loop (water/salt balance), DCT (ion regulation), collecting ducts.
   -Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Regulates blood pressure.