Questions and Answers
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to ________.
Urine passes through the ________.
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?
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An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.
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The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.
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The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
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Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?
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Which gland sits atop each kidney?
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The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
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The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.
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The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.
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Select the correct statement about the ureters.
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The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.
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The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.
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The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.
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The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.
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Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?
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Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
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Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?
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The filtration membrane includes all except ________.
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The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
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Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
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The macula densa cells respond to ________.
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Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
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The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.
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Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.
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The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
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A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.
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An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.
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Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
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Select the correct statement about the nephrons.
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What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
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Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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Tubular reabsorption ________.
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Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron?
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Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.
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Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle?
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Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.
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Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?
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The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.
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If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.
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If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?
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Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
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Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?
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In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.
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Select the correct statement about urinary system development.
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Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion?
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Which statement is correct?
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What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?
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Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?
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Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?
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Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?
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Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?
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Study Notes
Urinary System Overview
- The medullary osmotic gradient is mainly established by the loop of Henle.
- The juxtaglomerular complex increases blood pressure by secreting renin.
- Urine flows from the pelvis of the kidney to the ureter, then to the bladder and finally the urethra.
Renal Corpuscle and Function
- Components of the renal corpuscle include Bowman's capsule and glomerulus; vasa recta is not associated.
- The glomerulus has a high blood pressure that drives filtration, drained by an efferent arteriole.
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases water permeability in the collecting tubules.
Urinary Anatomy and Histology
- The urinary bladder is lined with transitional epithelium.
- The arcuate artery marks the boundary between the renal cortex and medulla.
- Ureters propel urine via peristalsis, making them distinct from the gastrointestinal tract.
Kidney Function and Regulation
- Fatty tissue around kidneys stabilizes their position.
- Kidney functions include maintaining homeostasis, regulating blood volume, and filtering waste.
- Kidneys produce renin in response to decreased blood pressure.
Filtration and Reabsorption
- Filtration membrane includes glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes.
- Water reabsorption in renal tubules primarily occurs through osmosis.
- Sodium and water reabsorption are hormone-controlled, predominantly in the distal tubule.
Hormonal Influence
- Angiotensin II constricts arterioles, increasing blood pressure.
- ADH and aldosterone are crucial for electrolyte balance and effect on water reabsorption.
Urinary System Development
- Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges during embryonic stages.
- Fetal kidneys rely on the placenta to manage waste elimination.
Aging and Kidney Function
- Kidney function tends to decline with age due to atrophy, particularly in older adults.
Miscellaneous Concepts
- High glucose clearance indicates proper reabsorption efficiency; low values suggest potential renal issues.
- Diuretics like alcohol inhibit ADH, leading to increased urine output.
- Urine characteristics such as specific gravity range between 1.001-1.035.
Summary of Functions
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure and filtration rates.
- Macula densa cells monitor sodium levels in the nephron.
- Angiotensin II and aldosterone are primary hormones for electrolyte management.
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