Urinary Flashcards Quiz

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Questions and Answers

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

glomerular filtration membrane

loop of Henle (correct)

distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to ________.

decrease secretion of aldosterone

decrease urinary albumin concentration

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex (correct)

increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands

Urine passes through the ________.

renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter

pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra (correct)

hilum to urethra to bladder

glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

a vasa recta Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

increase in the production of ADH Signup and view all the answers

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

transitional Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

by a decrease in the blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat Signup and view all the answers

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

adrenal Signup and view all the answers

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

arcuate Signup and view all the answers

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

is drained by an efferent arteriole Signup and view all the answers

The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about the ureters.

The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. Signup and view all the answers

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position Signup and view all the answers

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

nephron Signup and view all the answers

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.

regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?

They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

the stretching of the bladder wall Signup and view all the answers

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

renal fascia Signup and view all the answers

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

osmosis Signup and view all the answers

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments Signup and view all the answers

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

changes in solute content of the filtrate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

creatinine Signup and view all the answers

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.

plasma protein Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.

inhibits the release of ADH Signup and view all the answers

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.

diabetes insipidus Signup and view all the answers

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

1.001-1.035 Signup and view all the answers

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

Net filtration would decrease. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

podocyte cells Signup and view all the answers

Tubular reabsorption ________.

by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron?

They are extremely complex molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.

secondary active transport Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle?

form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine Signup and view all the answers

Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.

the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?

Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy. Signup and view all the answers

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.

appear in the urine Signup and view all the answers

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?

Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. Signup and view all the answers

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.

impermeability of the collecting tubule to water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

by secreting sodium ions Signup and view all the answers

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.

thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about urinary system development.

Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion?

ridding the body of bicarbonate ions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct?

Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

macula densa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?

electrolyte levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?

angiotensin II and aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?

macula densa cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urinary System Overview

The medullary osmotic gradient is mainly established by the loop of Henle.
The juxtaglomerular complex increases blood pressure by secreting renin.
Urine flows from the pelvis of the kidney to the ureter, then to the bladder and finally the urethra.

Renal Corpuscle and Function

Components of the renal corpuscle include Bowman's capsule and glomerulus; vasa recta is not associated.
The glomerulus has a high blood pressure that drives filtration, drained by an efferent arteriole.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases water permeability in the collecting tubules.

Urinary Anatomy and Histology

The urinary bladder is lined with transitional epithelium.
The arcuate artery marks the boundary between the renal cortex and medulla.
Ureters propel urine via peristalsis, making them distinct from the gastrointestinal tract.

Kidney Function and Regulation

Fatty tissue around kidneys stabilizes their position.
Kidney functions include maintaining homeostasis, regulating blood volume, and filtering waste.
Kidneys produce renin in response to decreased blood pressure.

Filtration and Reabsorption

Filtration membrane includes glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes.
Water reabsorption in renal tubules primarily occurs through osmosis.
Sodium and water reabsorption are hormone-controlled, predominantly in the distal tubule.

Hormonal Influence

Angiotensin II constricts arterioles, increasing blood pressure.
ADH and aldosterone are crucial for electrolyte balance and effect on water reabsorption.

Urinary System Development

Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges during embryonic stages.
Fetal kidneys rely on the placenta to manage waste elimination.

Aging and Kidney Function

Kidney function tends to decline with age due to atrophy, particularly in older adults.

Miscellaneous Concepts

High glucose clearance indicates proper reabsorption efficiency; low values suggest potential renal issues.
Diuretics like alcohol inhibit ADH, leading to increased urine output.
Urine characteristics such as specific gravity range between 1.001-1.035.

Summary of Functions

Juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure and filtration rates.
Macula densa cells monitor sodium levels in the nephron.
Angiotensin II and aldosterone are primary hormones for electrolyte management.

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Test your knowledge on kidney functions and mechanisms with these flashcards. Each question focuses on essential concepts related to urinary system physiology. Perfect for students studying human biology or related courses.