Podcast
Questions and Answers
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.
- glomerular filtration membrane
- loop of Henle (correct)
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to ________.
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to ________.
- decrease secretion of aldosterone
- decrease urinary albumin concentration
- increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex (correct)
- increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
- increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands
Urine passes through the ________.
Urine passes through the ________.
- renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter
- pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra (correct)
- hilum to urethra to bladder
- glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.
The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.
The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?
Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?
Which gland sits atop each kidney?
Which gland sits atop each kidney?
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.
The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.
The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.
Select the correct statement about the ureters.
Select the correct statement about the ureters.
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.
The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.
The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.
Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?
Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?
The filtration membrane includes all except ________.
The filtration membrane includes all except ________.
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
The macula densa cells respond to ________.
The macula densa cells respond to ________.
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.
The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.
A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.
An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.
An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
Select the correct statement about the nephrons.
Select the correct statement about the nephrons.
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Tubular reabsorption ________.
Tubular reabsorption ________.
Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron?
Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron?
Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.
Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.
Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle?
Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle?
Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.
Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.
Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?
Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?
The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.
The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.
If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?
If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?
Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.
Select the correct statement about urinary system development.
Select the correct statement about urinary system development.
Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion?
Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion?
Which statement is correct?
Which statement is correct?
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?
Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?
Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?
Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?
Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?
Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?
Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?
Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?
Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?
Study Notes
Urinary System Overview
- The medullary osmotic gradient is mainly established by the loop of Henle.
- The juxtaglomerular complex increases blood pressure by secreting renin.
- Urine flows from the pelvis of the kidney to the ureter, then to the bladder and finally the urethra.
Renal Corpuscle and Function
- Components of the renal corpuscle include Bowman's capsule and glomerulus; vasa recta is not associated.
- The glomerulus has a high blood pressure that drives filtration, drained by an efferent arteriole.
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases water permeability in the collecting tubules.
Urinary Anatomy and Histology
- The urinary bladder is lined with transitional epithelium.
- The arcuate artery marks the boundary between the renal cortex and medulla.
- Ureters propel urine via peristalsis, making them distinct from the gastrointestinal tract.
Kidney Function and Regulation
- Fatty tissue around kidneys stabilizes their position.
- Kidney functions include maintaining homeostasis, regulating blood volume, and filtering waste.
- Kidneys produce renin in response to decreased blood pressure.
Filtration and Reabsorption
- Filtration membrane includes glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes.
- Water reabsorption in renal tubules primarily occurs through osmosis.
- Sodium and water reabsorption are hormone-controlled, predominantly in the distal tubule.
Hormonal Influence
- Angiotensin II constricts arterioles, increasing blood pressure.
- ADH and aldosterone are crucial for electrolyte balance and effect on water reabsorption.
Urinary System Development
- Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges during embryonic stages.
- Fetal kidneys rely on the placenta to manage waste elimination.
Aging and Kidney Function
- Kidney function tends to decline with age due to atrophy, particularly in older adults.
Miscellaneous Concepts
- High glucose clearance indicates proper reabsorption efficiency; low values suggest potential renal issues.
- Diuretics like alcohol inhibit ADH, leading to increased urine output.
- Urine characteristics such as specific gravity range between 1.001-1.035.
Summary of Functions
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure and filtration rates.
- Macula densa cells monitor sodium levels in the nephron.
- Angiotensin II and aldosterone are primary hormones for electrolyte management.
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Test your knowledge on kidney functions and mechanisms with these flashcards. Each question focuses on essential concepts related to urinary system physiology. Perfect for students studying human biology or related courses.
