Kidney Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Paired organs located retroperitoneally, producing urine.

Tubes that convey urine from kidneys to the bladder.

Drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

The permanent kidney that develops through interaction of uretic buds and mesenchyme.

Dimensions approximately 9-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 2-3 cm thick.

The region where the renal vein exits anteriorly, artery enters between vein & ureter, and ureter exits posteriorly.

Outer parenchyma of the kidney, normally more than 1cm thick.

Inner portion of the kidney, containing renal pyramids.

Funnel-shaped transition from major calyces to ureter in kidneys.

Medial opening for entry/exit of renal artery, vein, and ureter.

Three extensions of the renal pelvis that lead to minor calyces.

Extensions of major calyces that collect urine from medullary pyramids.

Functional unit of kidney made up of various structures like renal corpuscle and tubules.

Part of nephron that includes glomerulus and glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule).

Network of arteries supplying blood to kidneys starting from the renal artery.

Main renal artery to segmental arteries, then interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries.

Differential brightness of kidney structures seen on ultrasound imaging.

Anechoic structures in the kidney that appear as dark areas on ultrasound.

Hormone released by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

Waste product from protein metabolism filtered by kidneys; varies with urine flow.

Formula-based estimate of kidney function using creatinine levels and other factors.

Classification of chronic kidney disease based on GFR levels, normal (>90 mL/min) to end stage (<15 mL/min).

Demonstrates continuous forward flow during diastole; indicates low resistance perfusion.

The size of the Doppler sample volume should be kept small (2-5mm) for accurate readings.

The angle between flow direction and Doppler beam should be less than 60 degrees for best results.

Set as low as possible to avoid hiding low velocity information during Doppler exams.

Use smallest PRF possible to minimize error and maximize Doppler tracings in evaluation.

Index used to evaluate renal transplant rejection and renal diseases; normal RI is usually < 0.7.

RI = (peak systolic frequency - end diastolic frequency) / peak systolic frequency.

Renal dysfunction can cause loss of diastolic flow, indicating increased arterial resistance.

Condition where both kidneys are absent, leads to pulmonary hypoplasia; incompatible with life.

One kidney absent; compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney maintains function.

Associated with vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiovascular anomalies, renal anomalies, and more.

Duplication of collecting system with two ureters; often associated with functional anomalies.

Kidneys fail to ascend into the abdomen; can be located in pelvis or thorax.

Fusion of lower poles across the midline; unique kidney shape at a low abdominal position.

One kidney fuses in the pelvis; ascends while carrying the other across the midline.

An inherited kidney disorder causing cyst formation leading to renal enlargement and potential renal failure.

Complications include infection, renal calculi, cyst rupture, and hypertension.

A genetic disorder seen at birth characterized by small cysts due to collecting tubule dilation.

Bilateral enlarged kidneys, hyperechoic parenchyma, and loss of cortico-medullary distinction.

A condition with multiple non-communicating cysts, often causing abdominal masses in newborns.

Congenital dysplastic condition causing cystic dilation of renal pyramids, leading to stasis and calcium deposits.

Fluid-filled sacs in the kidney, common in individuals over age 50, typically benign.

Typically well-defined, round, fluid-filled, with no internal echoes and acoustic enhancement.

Cysts that do not meet simple criteria, potentially indicating malignancy, requiring further evaluation.

May include thick septations, calcifications, internal echoes, and lobulated shapes.

Cysts located near the renal pelvis; may confuse with renal pelvis dilation.

ADPKD is often associated with liver cysts (50%) and pancreatic cysts (10%).

A condition that may arise in ARPKD due to reduced amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios).

Kidney stones that may develop as a complication in cystic kidney diseases.

High blood pressure can result from renal failure due to cystic kidney disease.

Secondary tumors in the renal parenchyma from primary sites like lung or breast.

Cancer cells from lymphoma can invade renal tissues.

Dark areas on ultrasound indicating possible tumor presence in kidneys.

Dilation of the renal collecting system due to obstruction.

Dilation of the renal calices due to obstruction.

Dilation of both calices and renal pelvis in the kidney.

Obstructions within the kidney like stones or tumors.

Obstructions outside the kidney such as tumors or pregnancy.

Formation of kidney stones within the collecting system.

Different kinds of kidney stones: calcium, struvite, uric acid.

Calcium deposits in renal parenchyma affecting function.

Blunt or penetrating injuries causing damage to the kidney.

Bleeding between the kidney and its capsule post-trauma.

Tissue death due to loss of blood supply in kidney.

Flank pain, hematuria; depend on stone size and location.

Development of multiple cysts in failed kidneys during long-term dialysis.

Inherited disease presenting with hemangioblastomas, affecting vision and other tumors.

Genetic disease with seizures, mental retardation, and facial angiofibromas.

Benign renal tumor composed of fat, muscle, and blood vessels, often hyperechoic.

Most common solid renal mass, commonly seen as hypoechoic in adult kidneys.

Most common childhood kidney tumor, typically presents as a large flank mass.

Presence of blood in urine, a significant symptom for kidney diseases.

Malignant tumors of the urinary tract lining, primarily transitional cell carcinoma.

Non-cancerous tumors in kidneys, including oncocytomas and angiomyolipomas.

Evaluate kidney masses, measuring and documenting growth and vascularity.

Common bladder cancer that may cause hematuria and hydronephrosis.

Relatively benign kidney tumor often difficult to differentiate from RCC.

Cysts that develop in kidneys due to chronic conditions like dialysis.

Hyperechoic mass, homogeneous and well-circumscribed in renal parenchyma.

A common cause of acute kidney injury characterized by damage to kidney tubules.

A type of kidney failure caused by damage to the kidney itself.

Rapid decline in kidney function, often reversible if treated early.

Progressive loss of kidney function over time, often irreversible.

Irreversible kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplant.

Surgical procedure to replace a diseased kidney with a healthy one.

A collection of blood outside blood vessels, often post-surgery.

An ultrasound finding showing a slowed pulse in the kidney.

Narrowing of the renal artery, leading to decreased blood flow in kidneys.

Sudden blockage of a renal artery, causing acute flank pain and kidney injury.

Clot formation in the renal vein, leading to kidney enlargement and dysfunction.

Most common type of kidney cancer in adults.

The most common kidney cancer in children.

The most common solid tumor in newborns' kidneys.

Includes the ureters, bladder, and urethra involved in urine transport and elimination.

A hollow, collapsible sac that serves as a reservoir for urine storage.

Located on pelvic floor; size and shape vary with urine volume.

Folds in the bladder lining that allow for its expansion.

Triangular region on bladder floor marked by ureteral and urethral openings.

Slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to the bladder.

Approximately 20 cm long, serving both urine elimination and semen passage.

3 to 4 cm long, functions solely for urine elimination.

The process of voiding urine from the bladder.

Involuntary emptying of the bladder due to nervous system issues.

Inability to empty bladder despite containing excess urine.

A procedure to relieve discomfort from urinary retention.

External opening of the urethra, where urine exits the body.

Muscle in the bladder that contracts to expel urine.

A bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma, often ascending from the bladder.

A severe kidney infection characterized by gas formation, common in diabetics.

Renal injury due to recurrent infections leading to renal damage.

Damage to the kidneys that affects their ability to filter blood and manage waste.

AKI due to inadequate blood perfusion to the kidneys.

AKI caused by obstruction of urine outflow.

Accumulation of pus in the renal collecting system.

A rare type of chronic pyelonephritis due to long-term obstruction.

Ultrasound or CT used to visualize kidney structure and pathology.

Caused primarily by Candida, these infections need special treatments.

Characterized by renal enlargement, hypoechoic areas, and absence of sinus echoes.