108 Questions
Which type of urinary diversion is the most temporary?
Urinary catheterization
What is the primary purpose of a ureteral stent?
To allow passage of urine when a ureter is blocked
When might a urinary diversion be permanent?
For a tumor in the bladder
What condition might necessitate the placement of a ureteral stent?
Obstruction from swelling due to an infection
Which surgical procedure may be required for more permanent urinary diversions?
Ileal conduit
What is the common purpose of both urinary catheterization and ureteral stents?
To facilitate urine passage
What is the purpose of a nephrostomy tube?
To drain urine directly from the kidney into an external pouch
In which type of urinary diversion is a valve used to prevent urine from flowing out without a catheter?
Continent cutaneous reservoir
When might a cystostomy be necessary?
To insert a catheter directly into the bladder
Which condition may require a client to have an ileostomy?
Crohn's disease
What distinguishes a neobladder from a continent cutaneous reservoir?
The neobladder is placed in the abdomen.
Why might a client need a continent urinary diversion?
If they have colon or rectal cancer
What is the function of a continent cutaneous reservoir?
To prevent urine flow out without a catheter
Why might a client require fecal diversion?
Colon or rectal cancer
What distinguishes an ileostomy from a colostomy?
Ileostomy diverts content from the colon, while colostomy diverts content from the ileum.
What is used to direct intestinal contents out of the body in an ileostomy?
Stoma on the abdominal wall
What is the purpose of a colostomy?
To allow for the passage of body waste through a stoma
Which type of fecal diversion uses the ileum, the terminal end of the small intestine?
Ileostomy
What is one of the complications associated with fecal diversions like colostomies and ileostomies?
Skin irritation
Which specialized nurse assists clients in maintaining skin integrity around stoma sites?
Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nurse
What is a Kock pouch?
A continent ileostomy system
How is colostomy irrigation beneficial for clients?
Helps prevent constipation and reduces the need for a colostomy pouch
What happens in a J-pouch procedure?
The ileum is connected to the anus after rectum and colon removal
How is a Kock pouch different from a J-pouch?
A Kock pouch forms an internal reservoir using the ileum
What is the purpose of colostomy irrigation?
To remove stool from the colon using sterile water
What role does a Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nurse play in ostomy care?
Teaching clients how to care for their stomas and pouches
Which principle of human development states that infants gain control over their neck and head before they can control their extremities?
Proximodorsal principle
At what stage of human development do individuals accomplish head control before being able to crawl?
Infancy
Which principle of human development describes the orderly evolution from large muscle movement to more refined muscle movements?
Simple to complex principle
Human development is defined as a continuous process characterized by periods of growth spurts and periods of slow and steady growth. Which principle does this describe?
Universal principle
Which principle of human development emphasizes that development follows a head-to-toe progression?
Proximodorsal principle
Individuals grow and develop at varying rates due to:
Cephalocaudal principle
What is the first step in conception?
Fertilization of the female egg by a sperm cell
Why do older mothers have a higher risk for chromosomal defects like Down syndrome?
Difficulty in getting pregnant
What determines the effects of teratogens on an unborn child?
Duration of exposure, amount of substance, and developmental stage
What indicates that delivery is imminent during a vaginal birth?
The top of the newborn's head appears (crowning)
What happens when a newborn's fontanels are soft?
The newborn has an immature nervous system
What is the primary purpose of conducting physical and neurologic assessments on a newborn?
To estimate gestational age and neurological function
What is a significant risk factor for prematurity and low-birth-weight infants in teenage mothers?
Lack of access to prenatal care
How do sperm cells fertilize an egg?
By combining their nuclei with that of the egg
What is the role of teratogens?
To cause physical malformations
How does pregnancy begin?
When an egg is fertilized
What reflex causes a newborn to startle, extend their arms and legs, and then pull them inward toward the body?
Moro reflex
Which reflex is initiated by turning the newborn's head to the side while lying supine?
Tonic neck reflex
What does the Babinski reflex in a newborn involve?
Toes fanning outward and foot turning inward when sole of the foot is stroked
What is typically measured and recorded immediately after a newborn's birth?
Temperature and vital signs
What is the range of respiratory rate typically observed in a newborn?
30-60 breaths per minute
What is the average systolic blood pressure range in a newborn?
60-80 mm Hg
How much does a newborn's brain typically weigh at birth compared to an adult brain?
~25% less than an adult brain
When do infants typically double their birth weight?
By 5 months
What is one key role of nurses in health promotion for infants and families?
Assisting with optimal growth and development
How can language acquisition be enhanced during toddlerhood?
Talking with children, describing objects and their usage, and reading aloud.
What kind of foods are essential for toddlers to promote brain development?
Fruits and vegetables containing vitamins and minerals
Why might a toddler refuse to eat according to the text?
Because they are playing too much
What is the recommended amount of sleep for preschoolers including naps?
10-12 hours
What is a key activity preschoolers should engage in for optimal dental health?
Brushing and flossing daily
What reflects the changes in children's posture during middle childhood?
Shift in center of gravity
What is a common skill possessed by preschoolers by age 5?
Skipping and turning somersaults
What is the main purpose of consistent bedtime routines for toddlers?
To help them get ready for sleep
Why are naps essential for preschoolers according to the text?
To restore and replenish energy
What should caregivers do if preschoolers wake up from bad dreams at night?
Assure them that they are safe and not alone
What contributes to the rate of growth during middle childhood according to the text?
Genetic background and nutrition.
What physical skills typically develop in children during middle childhood?
Riding a bicycle and hitting a baseball
How do children's friendships evolve during middle childhood?
They become more serious and diverse
What emotional development is characteristic of children in middle childhood?
A gradual shift from simple emotions to more mature expressions
How can childhood obesity impact long-term health?
It can cause diabetes and heart disease in adulthood
What is the primary recommendation for physical activity in children during middle childhood?
1 hour per day
What is the focus of language development in middle childhood?
Enhancing communication skills
How do children's responsibilities change during middle childhood?
They take on more tasks and develop a sense of responsibility
Why is ensuring a well-rounded, nutritional diet important during childhood?
To prevent health issues like diabetes and heart disease in later life
What marks the beginning of adolescence?
The onset of sexual maturity
What does the term adolescence mean?
To grow and mature
What is a common stressor for middle-aged adults known as the sandwich generation?
Caring for aging parents and growing children
Why might physical changes like weight gain, hair loss, and wrinkles be particularly stressful for some middle-aged adults?
Impact on self-esteem
Which essential elements are crucial for maintaining strong bones and teeth in middle adulthood?
Calcium and vitamin D
How do healthy food choices and sound nutrition contribute to middle-aged adults' overall well-being?
Decreasing potential for health alterations due to chronic disease
Why should a daily multivitamin not be used as a substitute for natural food sources in middle adulthood?
Multivitamins lack essential nutrients found in food
How might redefining new roles in middle adulthood impact the relationship between partners?
Deepen intimate bonds
What triggers hormonal changes during puberty?
The hypothalamus
Which hormone stimulates the development of eggs in females and sperm in males?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What physical changes are evident in females during puberty due to estrogen and testosterone?
Hip and pelvic region widening
What is the primary role of luteinizing hormone (LH) during puberty?
Stimulate testosterone secretion in males
What major cognitive changes occur during adolescence?
Maturation of cognitive processing
Which area of the brain is involved in decision-making and impulse control, and matures during late adolescence?
Prefrontal cortex
What contributes to enhanced strength and endurance during adolescence?
Exercise routines
During puberty, what changes noticeably about pubic hair?
It darkens and becomes coarser
What is the primary role of testosterone and estrogen during adolescence?
Stimulate physical growth spurt
Why might adolescents experience discomfort during rapid physical changes?
From painful comparisons with peers
What could be a potential consequence of relying extensively on fast foods and unhealthy food choices during adolescence?
Increased risk of obesity due to inadequate nutrition
Why might females be more likely than males to be dissatisfied with their appearance during adolescence?
Frequent discussions of physical attractiveness among female friends
Which nutrient is specifically mentioned as necessary for bone growth during adolescence?
Calcium
What is a potential dental risk factor for adolescents mentioned in the text?
Orthodontic considerations
When does brain maturation in individuals typically extend until?
Mid-20s
What marks the attainment of adulthood based on the text?
Role transitions and new responsibilities
What is a potential reason why young adults tend to postpone seeking healthcare according to the text?
Overall good health and activity
What defines emerging adulthood according to the text?
$25$ is a distinct stage before full adult responsibilities.
Which criterion is noted as most widely used to determine adulthood achievement?
Financial independence
Why might oral health be a widely unmet need among adolescents according to the text?
Lifelong dental habits formed in childhood and adolescence
What term did Robbins and Wilner coin to describe the transition from adolescence to adulthood?
Quarterlife crises
What physiological changes occur in middle adulthood regarding body contour?
Increased fat deposits in the trunk region
What biological changes occur in males during climacteric?
Gradual decline in testosterone levels and sperm counts
What marks the cessation of menses in females, signaling the end of reproductive capacity?
Menopause
Which physiological change is commonly experienced by both males and females during climacteric?
Decrease in bone mass
What is a common symptom experienced by women during menopause?
Vaginal dryness
What is a typical change related to sexual activity for many men in middle adulthood?
'Increased time required for erection and orgasm'
What is the primary change observed regarding body weight redistribution in middle adulthood?
Weight gain due to fat deposits in the trunk region
What happens to muscle strength as individuals move through middle adulthood years?
Muscle strength decreases
How do physiological changes in the heart and lungs occur during middle adulthood?
The heart and lungs lose elasticity
Learn about urinary diversions, which may be required when the flow of urine is interrupted. Understand the temporary and permanent types of diversions needed due to injuries, birth defects, tumors, or bladder malfunction.
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