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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the most common cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?
Which of the following is the most common cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?
- Surgical site infection
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) (correct)
- Bloodstream infection
- Pneumonia
Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with pyelonephritis?
Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with pyelonephritis?
- Pelvic pain
- Costovertebral tenderness (correct)
- Frequent urination without discomfort
- Clear urine
Which urinary analgesic may cause the urine to turn orange?
Which urinary analgesic may cause the urine to turn orange?
- Trimethoprim
- Phenazopyridine (correct)
- Nitrofurantoin
- Ciprofloxacin
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of kidney stones?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of kidney stones?
Which of the following dietary changes increases the risk of kidney stone formation?
Which of the following dietary changes increases the risk of kidney stone formation?
Which of the following is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Which of the following is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Which symptom is of greatest concern in a patient with hyperkalemia?
Which symptom is of greatest concern in a patient with hyperkalemia?
Which of the following dietary plans is most appropriate for a patient with CKD?
Which of the following dietary plans is most appropriate for a patient with CKD?
Which of the following is the most common type of bladder cancer?
Which of the following is the most common type of bladder cancer?
Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of bladder cancer?
Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of bladder cancer?
What bacteria is the most common cause of UTIs?
What bacteria is the most common cause of UTIs?
Which of the following is a symptom of pyelonephritis?
Which of the following is a symptom of pyelonephritis?
Which factor increases the risk of kidney stones?
Which factor increases the risk of kidney stones?
What electrolyte imbalance is most dangerous in CKD?
What electrolyte imbalance is most dangerous in CKD?
Which of the following symptoms is common in CKD?
Which of the following symptoms is common in CKD?
Loss of protein in the urine is a key characteristic of which condition?
Loss of protein in the urine is a key characteristic of which condition?
Which of the following is a common cause of erectile dysfunction?
Which of the following is a common cause of erectile dysfunction?
What is the primary function of the prostate gland?
What is the primary function of the prostate gland?
Which symptom is commonly associated with prostate cancer?
Which symptom is commonly associated with prostate cancer?
Increased intra-abdominal pressure, like from coughing or sneezing, leads to which type of incontinence?
Increased intra-abdominal pressure, like from coughing or sneezing, leads to which type of incontinence?
An individual with nephrolithiasis is most likely to exhibit which of the following?
An individual with nephrolithiasis is most likely to exhibit which of the following?
A patient who chronically consumes excessive amounts of salt is at increased risk for which of the following?
A patient who chronically consumes excessive amounts of salt is at increased risk for which of the following?
Progressive hyperglycemia is most likely to cause which of the following conditions?
Progressive hyperglycemia is most likely to cause which of the following conditions?
A patient presents with cardiac arrythmias. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely the cause?
A patient presents with cardiac arrythmias. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely the cause?
When planning the diet for a patient with chronic kidney disease(CKD) it is most important to:
When planning the diet for a patient with chronic kidney disease(CKD) it is most important to:
A physician suspects a patient of having bladder cancer. Which finding during the intial workup would support this diagnosis?
A physician suspects a patient of having bladder cancer. Which finding during the intial workup would support this diagnosis?
The origin of a transitional cell carcinoma cells is in what part of the body?
The origin of a transitional cell carcinoma cells is in what part of the body?
What is the most likely finding in a male patient that has diabetes that is now complaining of erectile dysfunction?
What is the most likely finding in a male patient that has diabetes that is now complaining of erectile dysfunction?
What is the most important risk factor when accessing a man for potential prostate cancer?
What is the most important risk factor when accessing a man for potential prostate cancer?
The presence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood is used to:
The presence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood is used to:
Which condition is characterized by endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus?
Which condition is characterized by endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus?
A key sign of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the presence of:
A key sign of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the presence of:
Which of the following STIs is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum?
Which of the following STIs is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum?
Painless genital ulcers are commonly associated with which sexually transmitted infection?
Painless genital ulcers are commonly associated with which sexually transmitted infection?
Which sexually transmitted infection is most strongly associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer?
Which sexually transmitted infection is most strongly associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer?
Which vaccine is most effective in preventing infections that can lead to cervical cancer and genital warts?
Which vaccine is most effective in preventing infections that can lead to cervical cancer and genital warts?
A patient presents with a noticeable fishy odor during a vaginal examination. Which STI should be suspected?
A patient presents with a noticeable fishy odor during a vaginal examination. Which STI should be suspected?
Which condition is the most likely cause of scrotal swelling due to fluid accumulation?
Which condition is the most likely cause of scrotal swelling due to fluid accumulation?
The majority of epididymitis cases in men younger than 35 years old is caused by which of the following?
The majority of epididymitis cases in men younger than 35 years old is caused by which of the following?
Which procedure is considered the primary surgical intervention for relieving urinary obstruction in severe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Which procedure is considered the primary surgical intervention for relieving urinary obstruction in severe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Flashcards
What are Health-care associated infections(HAIs)?
What are Health-care associated infections(HAIs)?
Infections associated with medical care.
Most common Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI)
Most common Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI)
UTIs, mainly from catheter use.
What is pyelonephritis?
What is pyelonephritis?
Inflammation of the kidney due to a UTI.
Common symptom of pyelonephritis
Common symptom of pyelonephritis
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Phenazopyridine side effect
Phenazopyridine side effect
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What is Nephrolithiasis?
What is Nephrolithiasis?
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Calcium Oxalate
Calcium Oxalate
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How does high sodium intake affect kidney stone risks?
How does high sodium intake affect kidney stone risks?
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How does Diabetes cause Chronic Kidney Disease?
How does Diabetes cause Chronic Kidney Disease?
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Most dangerous electrolyte imbalance in CKD
Most dangerous electrolyte imbalance in CKD
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Diet for CKD patients:
Diet for CKD patients:
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What is uremic frost?
What is uremic frost?
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What is nephrotic syndrome?
What is nephrotic syndrome?
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Most common type of bladder cancer?
Most common type of bladder cancer?
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Hallmark symptom of bladder cancer?
Hallmark symptom of bladder cancer?
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How does diabetes cause erectile dysfunction?
How does diabetes cause erectile dysfunction?
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Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
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Which STI increases risk of cervical cancer?
Which STI increases risk of cervical cancer?
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STI with Painful Genital Ulcers
STI with Painful Genital Ulcers
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What is testicular torsion?
What is testicular torsion?
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Phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine
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Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
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Endometriosis
Endometriosis
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Hirsutism
Hirsutism
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Syphilis
Syphilis
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Gardasil
Gardasil
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Bacterial vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
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TURP
TURP
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Endometriosis symptom
Endometriosis symptom
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Hormonal suppression
Hormonal suppression
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Menorrhagia
Menorrhagia
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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Menopause
Menopause
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Hot flashes
Hot flashes
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Testicular Torsion
Testicular Torsion
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Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis
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Stress Incontinence
Stress Incontinence
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Urosepsis cause
Urosepsis cause
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Pap Smear
Pap Smear
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Study Notes
Urinary System Disorders
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) due to catheter use are common Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs).
- Costovertebral tenderness is a common symptom of pyelonephritis (an upper UTI causing kidney inflammation, fever and nausea).
- Phenazopyridine (Pyridium), a urinary analgesic, turns urine orange and relieves dysuria.
- Nephrolithiasis is characterized by kidney stones, often composed of calcium oxalate.
- High sodium intake increases calcium excretion, promoting kidney stone formation.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and Renal Disorders
- Diabetes mellitus causing prolonged damage from hyperglycemia is the most common cause of CKD.
- Hyperkalemia is a concerning symptom in CKD patients, able to cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
- A dietary restriction of low sodium and low potassium is ideal for CKD patients to prevent hypertension and hyperkalemia.
Reproductive System Disorders
- Transitional cell carcinoma, originating in the urothelium, is the most common type of bladder cancer.
- The hallmark symptom of bladder cancer is painless hematuria (blood in the urine).
- E. coli, found in feces, is the most common pathogen causing UTIs.
- Pyelonephritis, a kidney infection, presents with fever, nausea, and flank pain.
- Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) is a urinary analgesic that causes orange urine discoloration.
- A high protein diet increases calcium and uric acid excretion, promoting stone formation.
- Diabetes damages kidney blood vessels, leading to CKD.
- Hyperkalemia can cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
- Restricting sodium and potassium helps manage CKD symptoms.
- Uremic frost occurs in severe CKD caused by waste accumulation.
- Nephrotic syndrome leads to protein loss, causing edema.
- Smoking is the most significant risk factor for bladder cancer.
Male Reproductive Disorders
- Diabetes mellitus damages blood vessels, affecting erectile function.
- Older age increases the risk of prostate cancer.
- An elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) suggests prostate cancer.
Female Reproductive Disorders
- Endometriosis causes tissue growth outside the uterus, leading to pain and infertility.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) causes excess androgen levels, leading to hirsutism (excess hair growth).
- Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, is a bacterial infection treated with penicillin.
- Primary syphilis presents with painless sores.
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) increases the risk of cervical cancer and is strongly linked to it.
- HPV can be prevented with the Gardasil vaccine.
- Bacterial vaginosis causes a characteristic fishy odor.
- Painless hematuria is often the first sign of bladder cancer.
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is associated with increased urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia in older men as it causes prostate enlargement, leading to urinary obstruction.
Menstrual Disorders & Female Reproductive Health
- BPH causes prostate enlargement, which leads to urinary obstruction.
- Untreated BPH can lead to urinary retention and kidney damage.
- Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a common surgical procedure to relieve urinary obstruction caused by severe BPH.
- Endometriosis causes pelvic pain, infertility, and painful intercourse.
- Hormonal treatments like oral contraceptives reduce symptoms of endometriosis.
- Menorrhagia refers to abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation and corpus luteum formation.
- PCOS causes hormonal imbalances, leading to irregular menstrual cycles.
- Menopause is the natural cessation of menstruation.
- Hormonal changes during menopause cause vasomotor instability, leading to hot flashes.
- Estrogen decline during menopause leads to reduced bone density, a complication of menopause that results in osteoporosis.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
- HPV causes genital warts and cervical cancer.
- Gonorrhea in women is commonly asymptomatic, increasing transmission risk.
- Untreated Chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), leading to infertility.
- Herpes simplex virus is an STI associated with painful genital ulcers, causing painful blisters and ulcers.
Miscellaneous Urological & Reproductive Conditions
- Hydrocele characterized by scrotal swelling due to fluid accumulation and is a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum.
- Chlamydia and gonorrhea are leading causes of epididymitis in younger men.
- The primary prostate gland function is producing seminal fluid for sperm composition.
- The prostate gland contributes to seminal fluid composition.
- Surgical removal of the affected testicle (orchiectomy) is the primary treatment for testicular cancer.
- Testicular torsion is a medical emergency.
- Testicular torsion causes twisting of the spermatic cord, cutting off blood flow, requiring emergency surgery.
- Prostate cancer often presents with nocturia (frequent urination at night) and a weak urine stream due to obstruction.
- Testicular cancer commonly presents as a painless lump or swelling.
- Hydronephrosis is caused by urine obstruction, leading to kidney swelling.
- Stress incontinence is caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure on the bladder while coughing or sneezing, causing urine leakage.
- Untreated UTIs can spread to the bloodstream, leading to life-threatening urosepsis (systemic infection).
- Ovarian cancer can commonly present with bloating and early satiety.
- A Pap smear is used for cervical cancer screening.
- Early Pap smear cancer detection due to detecting abnormal cervical cells.
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Description
Overview of common urinary system disorders like UTIs, pyelonephritis, and nephrolithiasis, including symptoms and management. Also covers chronic kidney disease (CKD) and reproductive system disorders, including causes, symptoms, and dietary considerations.
