683 Questions
What is the primary function of the muscular walls in the ureters?
To contract and propel urine downward through peristalsis
What is the approximate length of each ureter?
25-30 cm
What is the main function of the bladder?
To store urine until it is ready to be excreted
What is the function of the glomerulus in the nephron?
To filter blood
What is the primary function of reabsorption in the renal tubules?
To retain necessary nutrients and maintain fluid balance
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
To funnel final urine from the nephrons
What is the function of the urethra in males?
To allow urine to be excreted and serve as a passage for semen during ejaculation
What is the capacity of the bladder?
300-500 ml
What is the primary function of the kidneys in the excretory system?
To filter blood and remove waste products
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of kidney failure?
Viral infections
What is the primary function of the bladder in the excretory system?
To store urine until urination
What is the term for the inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys?
Glomerulonephritis
Which of the following is a symptom of Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)?
High blood pressure
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To coordinate the body's actions and sensory information
What is the term for the bundles of nerve cells that transmit messages to and from the brain and spinal cord?
Nerves
What is the term for the central organ of the nervous system, located within the skull?
Brain
What is the term for the long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the brain through the spine?
Spinal cord
What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
To produce ova and female sex hormones
Where does fertilization typically occur in humans?
In the fallopian tubes
What is the term for the network of nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses between different parts of the body?
Nervous system
What is the purpose of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To house the testes and regulate their temperature
What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
To mature and store sperm
What is the term for the process by which the lining of the uterus is shed through the vagina?
Menstruation
Which of the following is NOT a function of the uterus?
To regulate body temperature
What is the term for the process by which an ovary releases a mature egg?
Ovulation
Which of the following is a component of the male reproductive system?
Vas deferens
What is the term for the fertilized egg as it travels to the uterus?
Zygote
What is the purpose of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
To serve as a passageway for menstrual blood and a birth canal
Which of the following sensory organs detect specific stimuli by using specialized cells?
Eyes, ears, nose, skin, and tongue
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
To regulate body temperature
What happens when blood flow to the brain is interrupted?
The brain cells die due to lack of oxygen
Which of the following is NOT a degenerative disorder?
Stroke
What is the primary function of the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity?
To detect airborne chemicals and enable the sense of smell
What is the result of damage to the spinal cord?
Permanent damage and loss of function in parts of the body
What is the primary function of the photoreceptor cells in the retina?
To convert light into electrical signals
What is the result of long-term substance abuse on the brain?
Permanent brain damage and mental health disorders
What is the primary function of ejaculation in males?
To release semen containing sperm from the penis
What is the approximate percentage of heterosexual couples affected by infertility?
10%
What is the primary function of the taste buds on the tongue?
To detect different flavors
What is the primary function of the neurons in the central nervous system?
To send and receive messages through electrical impulses
What is the primary cause of Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy
What is the term for infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact?
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is the condition in which tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus grows outside the uterus?
Endometriosis
What is the purpose of the pituitary gland in initiating puberty?
To release hormones that signal the immature sex organs to start producing their own hormones
What is the primary purpose of puberty?
To develop the reproductive organs and produce gametes
What is the primary function of the endometrium?
To prepare for potential pregnancy by thickening each month
What is the term for the physical changes that differentiate males and females and are not directly involved in reproduction?
Secondary sexual characteristics
During which process does the egg travel through the Fallopian tube towards the uterus?
Ovulation
What is the result of puberty in females?
Breast development
What is the primary function of oestrogen in females during puberty?
To develop female secondary sexual characteristics and regulate the menstrual cycle
What is the typical duration of the female reproductive cycle?
28-30 days
What is the role of the pituitary gland in initiating puberty?
To release hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones
Where does fertilization of the egg by sperm typically occur?
In the Fallopian tube
Why is understanding the reproductive system essential?
To maintain reproductive health and address fertility issues
What is the primary function of the scrotum in males?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
What is the role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
To produce female sex hormones and store and release eggs
What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
To store and mature sperm
What occurs if fertilization does not occur during the reproductive cycle?
The lining of the uterus sheds during menstruation
What is the primary function of testosterone in males during puberty?
To develop male secondary sexual characteristics and produce sperm
What is the function of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
To facilitate fertilization and support the development of a fetus
What is the role of hormones in puberty?
To drive the physical and functional changes that occur during puberty
What is the primary function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
To produce and store sperm
What is the function of the sperm duct in the male reproductive system?
To transport mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
What is the primary function of the penis in the male reproductive system?
To deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract
What is the primary function of the sensory organs in the human body?
To collect information from the environment and send it to the central nervous system for processing
How do neurons in the brain send and receive messages?
Through electrical impulses transmitted across synapses via neurotransmitters
What is the result of damage to the spinal cord?
Paralysis
What is the term for the process by which the brain interprets electrical signals from the eyes as visual images?
Seeing
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
To regulate body temperature
What is the result of a stroke?
Death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen
What is the primary function of the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity?
To detect airborne chemicals
What is the result of long-term substance abuse on the brain?
Impaired cognitive functions, memory, learning, and emotional regulation
What is the main reason for the buildup of waste products and fluids in the body during kidney failure?
Inability of the kidneys to filter blood effectively
What is the primary function of the photoreceptor cells in the retina?
To detect light and enable vision
Which part of the excretory system is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood?
Glomerulus
What is the primary function of the taste buds on the tongue?
To detect flavors
What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
To transmit messages to and from the brain and spinal cord
What is the primary cause of kidney stones?
Concentrated urine
What is the primary function of the smooth muscle lining the bladder's walls?
Contraction to expel urine through the urethra
What process ensures the body retains necessary nutrients and maintains fluid balance?
Reabsorption
What is the primary function of the brain in the nervous system?
To interpret sensory information
Which structure connects the bladder to the exterior of the body?
Urethra
What is the primary function of the spinal cord in the nervous system?
To connect the brain to the rest of the body
What is the function of the collecting ducts in the nephron?
Funneling final urine into the renal pelvis
What is the primary cause of glomerulonephritis?
All of the above
What is the primary function of the excretory system?
To remove waste products and excess fluids from the body
What is the role of the muscular walls in the ureters?
To contract and propel urine downward through peristalsis
Which process fine-tunes the body's pH and electrolyte balance?
Secretion
What is the primary symptom of Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)?
All of the above
What is the primary function of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
To transmit messages to and from the brain and spinal cord
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What is the primary function of regular hydration in supporting the excretory system's health?
To increase urine production
What is the main function of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?
To connect the ovaries to the uterus
During which stage of development does the fertilized egg implant into the lining of the uterus?
Implantation
What is the term for the process by which the uterus prepares for a potential pregnancy?
Menstruation
What is the primary function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
To store mature sperm cells
What is the term for the muscular canal that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body?
Vagina
Which structure in the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones?
Ovaries
What is the primary function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
During which process does the ovary release a mature egg?
Ovulation
What is the term for the fertilized egg as it travels to the uterus?
Zygote
What is the primary function of the uterus in the female reproductive system?
To support fetal development
What is the primary function of the oviducts (Fallopian tubes) in the female reproductive system?
To connect the ovaries to the uterus and facilitate fertilization
What is the term for the process by which the lining of the uterus is prepared each month for potential pregnancy?
Endometrial thickening
What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
To produce female sex hormones and store and release eggs
During which stage of the reproductive cycle does the uterus prepare for potential pregnancy?
The entire reproductive cycle
What is the primary function of the endometrium in the female reproductive system?
To thicken and prepare for potential pregnancy
What is the term for the fertilized egg as it travels to the uterus?
Zygote
What is the primary role of the pituitary gland in puberty?
To stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones
Which of the following is a result of increased levels of oestrogen during puberty in females?
Widening of the hips
What is the function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
During which stage of puberty do the reproductive organs grow and mature?
Initiation of puberty
What is the primary function of testosterone during puberty in males?
To develop male secondary sexual characteristics and produce sperm
What is the result of increased oil production during puberty?
Acne and changes in body odour
What is the primary function of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?
To transport sperm to the urethra
What is the primary function of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
To serve as the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse
What is the result of increased levels of oestrogen during puberty in females?
Widening of the hips and development of a more rounded body shape
What is the primary function of the penis in the male reproductive system?
To serve as the external male sex organ
What is the primary function of the reproductive system in humans?
To ensure the continuation of the species and the passing on of genetic material from one generation to the next
Which of the following is a common symptom of Endometriosis?
Irregular bleeding
What is the primary function of the pituitary gland in initiating puberty?
To release hormones that signal the immature sex organs to start producing their own hormones
What is the primary function of the prostate gland in males?
To produce fluids that make up semen
What is the term for the physical changes that differentiate males and females and are not directly involved in reproduction?
Secondary sexual characteristics
What is the primary function of oestrogen in females during puberty?
To stimulate the development of breast tissue
What is the primary function of ejaculation in males?
To release sperm from the epididymis into the vas deferens
What is the primary cause of Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
Maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
What is the term for the process by which the lining of the uterus is shed through the vagina?
Menstruation
What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
To produce and store egg cells (ova)
What is the primary reason for the thickening of the uterine lining during ovulation?
To prepare for potential implantation of a fertilized egg
What happens to the sperm after one penetrates the outer membrane of the egg?
The sperm's head enters the egg, and the tail remains outside
What is the primary function of the placenta during pregnancy?
To provide oxygen and nutrients to the embryo
Where does the fertilized egg typically implant during pregnancy?
In the uterus
What is the term for the process by which the fertilized egg travels to the uterus?
Implantation
What is the primary function of the embryo's umbilical cord during pregnancy?
To provide nutrients and oxygen to the embryo
What is the primary reason for the competitive nature of the sperm's journey during fertilization?
To ensure only one sperm fertilizes the egg
What is the term for the shedding of the uterine lining if the egg is not fertilized?
Menstruation
What is the primary function of the umbilical cord during human pregnancy?
To provide a pathway for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the embryo and the mother
What is the term for the period during which the embryo develops into a fetus?
Gestation period
What is the primary cause of Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inhalation?
To contract and flatten, moving downwards
What is the term for the air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs?
Alveoli
What is the primary role of the heart in the respiratory system?
To pump oxygenated blood to the lungs
During exhalation, what happens to the rib cage and diaphragm?
The rib cage moves downwards and inwards, and the diaphragm contracts
What is the term for the process by which oxygen diffuses from the inhaled air into the blood?
Diffusion
What is the primary function of haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells?
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body
What is the term for the pathway through which air travels from the mouth and nose to the lungs?
Respiratory tract
What is the primary function of the diaphragm during exhalation?
To relax and decrease thoracic volume
What is the term for the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What is the function of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli?
To facilitate the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood
What is the result of efficient gaseous exchange in the lungs?
Oxygen is continuously supplied to body cells and carbon dioxide is removed
What is the term for the infection that leads to fluid-filled alveoli, impairing gas exchange?
Pneumonia
What is the term for the grape-like clusters of air sacs where the actual exchange of gases occurs?
Alveoli
What is the function of the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries?
To allow for rapid diffusion of gases
What is the term for the process of oxygen binding to haemoglobin in red blood cells?
Oxyhaemoglobin formation
What is the result of damage to the alveoli?
Emphysema
What is the function of the rich blood supply surrounding the alveoli?
To facilitate the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood
What is the primary function of the left ventricle in the circulatory system?
To pump oxygenated blood into the aorta
What is the characteristic of capillaries that facilitates efficient exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and body cells?
Extremely thin and narrow, forming a network around body cells
What is the by-product of cellular respiration in the mitochondria?
Carbon dioxide and water
Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle?
Right atrium
What is the indicator of cardiovascular fitness and efficient heart function?
Lower resting heart rate
What is the function of the pulmonary arteries?
To transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the process by which cells receive adequate oxygen and expel carbon dioxide effectively?
Circulation and respiration
What is the function of the veins in the circulatory system?
To transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart
What is the term for the network of blood vessels that supplies oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes carbon dioxide and waste products?
Circulatory system
What is the result of gaseous exchange in the lungs?
Oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is expelled
What is the primary function of proteins in the human body?
To build and repair body cells and tissues
Which of the following is a plant-based source of protein?
Soya beans
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
To provide energy for the body
Which of the following is a healthy fat?
Olive oil
What is the primary function of vitamins in the human body?
To aid in various chemical reactions
Which of the following is a mineral essential for strong bones and teeth?
Calcium
What is the primary function of fibre in the human body?
To maintain regular bowel movements
What is the approximate percentage of water in the human body?
50%
What is the result of poor dietary choices?
Increased risk of chronic diseases
What is the primary function of the seven building blocks of a healthy diet?
To maintain proper body function
What is the primary function of the alimentary canal?
To absorb and transport nutrients to the body's cells
Which type of digestion involves the physical breakdown of food?
Mechanical digestion
What is the primary function of the stomach in digestion?
To secrete gastric juices containing enzymes and hydrochloric acid
What is the term for the series of muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal?
Peristalsis
Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
Amylase
What is the primary function of the small intestine in digestion?
To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
What is the term for the process of expelling undigested and unabsorbed food from the body?
Egestion
What is the primary function of the rectum and anus?
To store feces until they are expelled through the anus
Which part of the alimentary canal is responsible for both mechanical and chemical digestion?
Mouth
What is the primary function of the oesophagus in digestion?
To move food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis
What is the primary role of the uterine lining during the female reproductive cycle?
To thicken and prepare for potential implantation of a fertilized egg
What is the competitive process that sperm undergo to reach the egg?
Journey through the cervix and uterus
What is the term for the process by which a sperm penetrates the outer membrane of the egg?
Fertilization
What is the primary function of the placenta during pregnancy?
To remove waste and provide nutrients and oxygen to the embryo
What happens to the uterine lining if the egg is not fertilized?
It is shed and expelled from the body through menstruation
Where does fertilization typically occur in humans?
In the oviduct
What is the term for the process by which the embryo implants itself into the uterine lining?
Implantation
What is the result of fertilization?
The formation of a zygote
What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inhalation?
To contract and flatten, creating a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs
What is the term for the process by which oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood in the alveoli?
Diffusion
What is the primary function of the intercostal muscles during inhalation?
To contract and expand the rib cage
What is the term for the condition in which a fetus develops abnormal physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments due to maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
What is the primary function of the bronchioles in the lungs?
To facilitate gas exchange in the alveoli
What is the term for the process by which the embryo develops into a fetus during pregnancy?
Gestation
What is the primary function of the capillaries in the alveoli?
To facilitate gas exchange between the air and blood
What is the term for the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse?
Infertility
What is the primary function of the heart in the respiratory system?
To pump oxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the term for the period of approximately 40 weeks during which the embryo develops into a fetus?
Gestation
What is the primary function of the left ventricle in the heart?
To pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
Where does the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and body cells occur?
Capillaries
What is the primary function of the right ventricle in the heart?
To pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the result of cellular respiration in the mitochondria?
Release of energy and production of carbon dioxide
What is the characteristic of arteries, except for the pulmonary arteries?
They carry oxygenated blood under high pressure
What is the function of the pulmonary veins?
To transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
What is the indicator of fitness and efficient heart function?
A lower resting heart rate
What happens to carbon dioxide during gaseous exchange in the lungs?
It is released from the blood into the lungs
What is the purpose of the network of capillaries around body cells?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
What is the result of deoxygenated blood returning to the heart?
It is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the bloodstream
During exhalation, what happens to the diaphragm?
It relaxes and returns to its dome shape, pushing air out of the lungs
What is the term for the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What is the primary function of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the bloodstream
What is the result of efficient gaseous exchange in the lungs?
The body's oxygen levels are maintained and its carbon dioxide levels are decreased
What is the term for the inflammation of the airways, leading to impeded airflow to the alveoli?
Asthma
What is the result of damage to the alveoli, leading to a reduction in the surface area for gas exchange?
Emphysema
What is the primary function of the bronchi and bronchioles in the lungs?
To distribute air throughout the lungs
What is the term for the process by which oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream?
Oxygen uptake
What is the term for the process by which carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli?
Carbon dioxide removal
What is the primary function of proteins in the human body?
To build and repair body cells and tissues
What is the main source of vitamins in a healthy diet?
Fruits and vegetables
What is the function of fibre in the digestive system?
To maintain regular bowel movements and prevent constipation
What is the importance of water in the human body?
It helps blood carry nutrients and waste around the body and facilitates chemical reactions in cells
What is the result of poor dietary choices?
Health problems such as obesity, malnutrition, and chronic diseases
What is the role of minerals in the human body?
To perform various body functions and must be obtained through the diet
What is the importance of a balanced diet?
It is crucial for maintaining proper body function
What is the role of fats and oils in the human body?
To protect and insulate organs, maintain healthy hair and nails, and absorb and transport certain vitamins
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
To provide energy for the body
What are the seven building blocks of a healthy diet?
Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre, and water
What is the primary function of the mouth in the alimentary canal?
To break down food into smaller molecules through mechanical and chemical digestion
What is the term for the wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal?
Peristalsis
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates?
Amylase
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
What is the term for the process of expelling undigested and unabsorbed food from the body?
Egestion
Which part of the alimentary canal is responsible for storing feces until they are expelled through the anus?
Rectum
What is the primary function of the stomach in the alimentary canal?
To break down food into smaller molecules through mechanical and chemical digestion
What is the term for the specialized proteins that accelerate chemical reactions in the body?
Enzymes
Which part of the alimentary canal is responsible for absorbing water and salts from the remaining indigestible food matter?
Large intestine
What is the term for the inner surface of the small intestine that increases the surface area for absorption?
Villi
What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?
To provide structural support and protection
Which of the following organelles is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
Chloroplasts
What is the main component of the plant cell wall?
Cellulose
What is the function of thylakoids in chloroplasts?
To perform light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
Which of the following organisms also have cell walls, but with a different composition?
Bacteria and fungi
What is the primary function of the chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
To absorb light energy
What is the term for the stacked structures within chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
Grana
What is the function of the cell wall in regulating the entry and exit of substances in plant cells?
To work in conjunction with the cell membrane
What is the primary function of the coarse and fine focus knobs in a microscope?
To adjust the focus of the image
What is the purpose of using a wet mount in preparing specimens for microscopic observation?
To observe living organisms and aquatic samples
What is the term for the process by which cells within an organism specialize to perform distinct functions?
Differentiation
What is the primary function of epithelial cells in the body?
To cover surfaces and protect the body
What is the term for unspecialized cells capable of dividing and differentiating into various specialized cells?
Stem cells
What is the primary characteristic of unicellular organisms?
They consist of a single cell that performs all life functions
What is the hierarchy of organization in multicellular organisms?
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
What is the primary function of staining in preparing specimens for microscopic observation?
To enhance contrast and allow for better visualization of structures
What is the term for the process by which tissues are organized into organs to perform complex functions?
Organization
What is the primary function of the diaphragm in a microscope?
To control the amount of light reaching the specimen
What is the main function of the small intestine in the digestive system?
Absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream and transporting them to cells
What is the term for the removal of undigested or unwanted particles from the body?
Egestion
What is the function of the esophagus in the digestive system?
Moving chewed food from the mouth to the stomach through peristaltic contractions
What is the term for open sores that develop on the lining of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, or upper small intestine?
Ulcers
What is the purpose of the pancreas in the digestive system?
Releasing enzymes to break down food into smaller particles
What is the function of the liver in the digestive system?
Producing bile to aid in digestion and absorption of fats
What is the term for the process of taking food into the body through the mouth by eating or drinking?
Ingestion
What is the function of the stomach in the digestive system?
Breaking down food into smaller particles using mechanical digestion
What is the function of the rectum in the digestive system?
Storing feces until they are expelled through the anus
What is the function of the large intestine in the digestive system?
Absorbing water and salts from indigestible food matter
What is the primary location where the Calvin cycle takes place in a plant cell?
Stroma
What is the main function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
To facilitate intercellular communication and transport
Which of the following organelles is involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification in both plant and animal cells?
Peroxisomes
What is the primary function of centrioles in animal cells?
To organize the mitotic spindle during cell division
Which of the following types of microscopes is suitable for viewing live cells and tissues?
Light microscopes
What is the primary function of the vacuole in plant cells?
To store nutrients, waste products, and other substances
What is the main difference between the shape and structure of plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a fixed, rectangular shape due to the rigid cell wall
What is the primary function of the chlorophyll in plant cells?
To capture light energy, enabling the photosynthesis process
What is the main difference between the function of lysosomes in plant and animal cells?
Plant cells rarely have lysosomes, whereas animal cells contain lysosomes that break down cellular waste and debris
What is the primary function of the objective lenses in a light microscope?
To magnify the image
What is the primary reason why individuals with anorexia nervosa severely restrict their food intake?
Due to an intense fear of gaining weight
What is the main function of the circulatory system?
To transport oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste products
What is the primary purpose of the pulmonary circulation?
To oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide
What is a common consequence of high blood pressure?
Heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure
What is the term for the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body?
Arteries
What is the term for the process by which the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced?
Stroke
What is the primary function of the heart in the circulatory system?
To pump blood throughout the body
What is the term for the disease that gradually replaces healthy liver tissue with scar tissue?
Liver cirrhosis
What is the primary function of the blood vessels in the circulatory system?
To transport oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste products
What is the term for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues?
Occurrence in capillaries
What is the primary consequence of a blockage in a blood vessel in the brain?
Loss of function controlled by the affected brain area, including paralysis, speech difficulties, and memory loss
What is the main function of the trachea?
To conduct air from the pharynx to the bronchi
What is the primary function of the diaphragm during breathing?
To contract and relax to change the volume of the thoracic cavity
What is the term for the process by which oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the capillaries and carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli?
Gaseous exchange
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?
To facilitate the exchange of gases between the lungs and the atmosphere
What is the term for the chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways?
Asthma
What is the primary function of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
To serve as a passageway for both air and food
What is the primary function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?
To distribute air throughout the lungs
What is the primary consequence of a blood vessel rupture in the brain?
Loss of function controlled by the affected brain area, including paralysis, speech difficulties, and memory loss
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To supply oxygen to the body's cells and remove carbon dioxide
Which respiratory disease is characterized by the inflammation of the air sacs in one or both lungs?
Pneumonia
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
All of the above
Which of the following is a symptom of Tuberculosis?
All of the above
What is the function of the spinal cord in the nervous system?
To transmit neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body
Which respiratory disease is highly contagious and requires long-term antibiotic treatment?
Tuberculosis
What is the term for the basic functional units of the nervous system?
Neurons
Which of the following is a component of the nervous system?
All of the above
What is the primary function of sensory organs in the nervous system?
To detect external stimuli
Which respiratory disease is commonly associated with smoking?
Bronchitis
What is the primary function of the brain in the nervous system?
All of the above
What is the primary function of the nervous system in relation to maintaining homeostasis?
To regulate body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Which of the following health issues is characterized by a sudden loss of brain function due to lack of oxygen?
Stroke
What is the primary function of the kidneys in the excretory system?
To filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances.
What is the result of long-term substance abuse on the brain?
Irreversible brain damage and memory loss.
Which of the following is a degenerative disorder that affects movement and cognitive abilities?
All of the above
What is the purpose of the excretory system in maintaining homeostasis?
To remove metabolic waste products generated by the body's cells.
What is the result of damage to the spinal cord?
Loss of motor function and sensation.
Which of the following is a symptom of a stroke?
Sudden numbness and confusion.
What is the primary component of the plant cell wall?
Cellulose
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
Chloroplasts
What is the function of thylakoids in chloroplasts?
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
Protection and structural support
Which of the following organisms has a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan?
Bacterial cells
What is the function of chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
Absorption of light energy
What is the purpose of grana in chloroplasts?
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
What is the function of the cell membrane in plant cells?
Regulation of internal environment
What is the primary function of the stroma in chloroplasts?
To convert carbon dioxide into glucose
What is the main difference between plant and animal cells in terms of shape and structure?
Plant cells are rectangular, while animal cells are irregular
What is the primary function of peroxisomes in plant cells?
To break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances
What is the primary function of lysosomes in animal cells?
To break down cellular waste and debris
What is the primary function of the central vacuole in plant cells?
To store nutrients, waste products, and other substances
What is the primary function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
To facilitate communication and transport between adjacent cells
What is the primary function of centrioles in animal cells?
To organize the mitotic spindle during cell division
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
To capture light energy
What is the primary function of the eyepiece in a light microscope?
To magnify the image
What is the primary function of electron microscopes?
To observe the ultrastructure of cells and tissues
What is the primary function of the coarse and fine focus knobs in a microscope?
To adjust the focus of the image
Which of the following is NOT a type of specimen preparation method for microscopic observation?
Photography
What is the primary function of epithelial cells in the body?
To cover surfaces and protect the body
What is the primary characteristic of stem cells?
They are capable of dividing and differentiating into various specialized cells
What is the level of organization that consists of groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function?
Tissues
What is the primary function of the diaphragm in a microscope?
To control the amount of light reaching the specimen
What is the term for the process by which cells specialize to perform distinct functions?
Differentiation
What is the primary function of embryonic stem cells?
To become any cell type in the body
What is the term for organisms that consist of a single cell that performs all life functions?
Unicellular organisms
What is the primary function of staining in specimen preparation for microscopic observation?
To enhance contrast and allow for better visualization of structures
What is the main function of the digestive system?
To break down food into smaller particles for energy and cellular functions
What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?
To mix food with gastric juices and enzymes to further digest food
What is the main function of the large intestine (colon) in the digestive system?
To absorb water and salts from indigestible food matter
What is the term for the process by which nutrients from digested food are absorbed into the cells of the digestive tract?
Absorption
Which of the following is NOT a component of the digestive system?
Skin
What is the term for the removal of undigested or unwanted particles from the body?
Egestion
What is the term for open sores that develop on the lining of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, or upper small intestine?
Ulcers
What is the primary function of the pancreas in the digestive system?
To produce enzymes that break down carbohydrates
What is the term for the muscular tube that moves chewed food from the mouth to the stomach through peristaltic contractions?
Esophagus
Which of the following is a health issue involving the digestive system?
Ulcers
What is the primary role of the circulatory system in the human body?
To transport oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste products
Which of the following is a common cause of liver cirrhosis?
All of the above
What is the term for the process by which the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation
What is a possible consequence of high blood pressure?
All of the above
What is the function of the capillaries in the circulatory system?
To exchange oxygen and nutrients for carbon dioxide and waste products
What is the term for the blockage of a coronary artery, leading to damage to the heart muscle?
Heart attack
What is the primary function of the liver in the digestive system?
To filter waste products from the blood
What is the term for the condition characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to severe food restriction and starvation?
Anorexia nervosa
What is the primary function of the heart in the circulatory system?
To pump blood throughout the body
What is the term for the interruption of blood flow to the brain, potentially leading to brain tissue damage or death?
Stroke
Which of the following respiratory diseases is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB)
What is the primary function of the brain in the nervous system?
To process sensory information and initiate responses
What is the term for the bundles of nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses throughout the body?
Nerves
Which of the following is NOT a component of the nervous system?
Lungs
What is the primary function of sensory organs in the nervous system?
To detect external stimuli and send information to the brain for interpretation
Which of the following is a symptom of lung cancer?
All of the above
What is the primary function of the spinal cord in the nervous system?
To transmit neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body
Which of the following is a type of respiratory disease caused by viral or bacterial infections?
Bronchitis
What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?
To transmit electrical impulses throughout the body
Which of the following is a common cause of lung cancer?
All of the above
What is a consequence of a blockage in a blood vessel in the brain?
Paralysis
What is the function of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
To serve as a passageway for both air and food
What is the term for the small, balloon-like structures at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs?
Alveoli
What is the result of the diaphragm relaxing and moving upward during exhalation?
The pressure inside the lungs increases
What is the term for the chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways?
Asthma
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To supply oxygen to the body's cells and remove carbon dioxide
What is the term for the process by which oxygen diffuses from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air?
Gaseous exchange
What is the function of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?
To play a crucial role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to change the volume of the thoracic cavity
What is the term for the tube supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage that conducts air from the pharynx to the bronchi?
Trachea
What is the result of damage to the brain cells due to a blockage in a blood vessel?
Loss of function controlled by the affected brain area
What is the primary function of the excretory system in maintaining homeostasis?
To regulate the composition and volume of body fluids
What is the result of damage to the brain or spinal cord from accidents or injuries?
Loss of function, such as paralysis or cognitive impairments
What is the primary function of the kidneys in the excretory system?
To filter blood to remove waste products
What is the term for the progressive loss of neural function in degenerative disorders?
Neurodegeneration
What is the primary function of the nervous system in regulating various body functions?
To maintain homeostasis
What is the result of a stroke?
Brain cells die due to lack of oxygen
What is the primary function of the excretory system in removing metabolic waste products?
To remove urea and carbon dioxide
What is the result of substance abuse on the brain?
Irreversible brain damage
What is the characteristic that defines a molecule?
It is composed of two or more different kinds of atoms
What is a formula unit in a crystal lattice?
The smallest repeating unit that represents the compound's composition
Which of the following elements naturally exist as diatomic molecules?
Hydrogen and chlorine
What is the fixed ratio of atoms in a compound?
Specific and gives the compound its unique properties
What is the difference between water (H₂O) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)?
The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms
What is the main characteristic of elements?
They are composed of only one kind of atom
What is a characteristic of compounds?
They are composed of two or more different kinds of atoms
What do molecules and crystal lattices have in common?
They are both composed of two or more different kinds of atoms
What is the primary level of representation at which we can observe substances and their changes with our senses?
Macroscopic
What is the primary function of chemical bonds in a compound?
To hold atoms together in a stable configuration
What is the term for the force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound?
Bond
What is the significance of the subscript in a chemical formula?
It indicates the number of atoms of an element in a molecule
Which of the following is NOT a level of representation for understanding chemical reactions?
Microscopic
What is the term for the process in which substances are transformed into different substances through the breaking and forming of bonds?
Chemical reaction
What is the primary purpose of the Periodic Table?
To organize elements in a systematic way based on their properties
What is the difference between metals and non-metals on the Periodic Table?
Metals are found on the left-hand side, while non-metals are found on the right-hand side
What is the level of representation at which we use chemical symbols and formulae to represent substances and the changes they undergo during chemical reactions?
Symbolic
What is the term for a substance that undergoes change during a chemical reaction?
Reactant
What is the significance of the atomic number on the Periodic Table?
It indicates the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
What is the common characteristic of alkali metals?
They are soft and have a dull-gray appearance.
What is the level of representation at which we imagine or visualize the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up substances?
Submicroscopic
What is the purpose of the chemical symbol of an element?
To provide a unique abbreviation for an element
What is the term for a substance that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction?
Product
Which of the following compounds is named using the IUPAC naming system?
All of the above
What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?
A compound has a fixed ratio of atoms, while a mixture has a variable ratio
What is the process by which atoms rearrange themselves to form new molecules during a chemical reaction?
Atomic rearrangement
What is the purpose of representing chemical reactions using word equations, picture equations, and chemical equations?
To understand how substances interact and transform
What is the correct formula for iron sulfide?
FeS
Which of the following is NOT a rule for naming compounds containing only non-metals?
The electron shell rule
What is the term for a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulae?
Chemical equation
What is the significance of the concept of atomic number in chemistry?
It helps to determine the chemical properties of an element
What is the primary function of the groups on the Periodic Table?
To organize elements based on their chemical properties
What is the correct name for the compound CO?
Carbon monoxide
Which of the following alkali metals is the most reactive with water?
Potassium (K)
What is the suffix used to name compounds containing a non-metal?
-ide
Which of the following compounds is an example of a compound containing only non-metals?
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
What is the correct formula for dinitrogen tetroxide?
N₂O₄
Which of the following is a common name for a compound, rather than its IUPAC name?
Water (H₂O)
What is the main requirement for an equation to be considered balanced?
The number and type of atoms are the same on both the reactant and product sides.
What is the correct step in balancing a chemical equation?
Modify the coefficients in front of chemical formulas to balance the equation.
What is the result of the combustion reaction of iron with oxygen?
A bright orange spark is produced.
What is the purpose of using steel wool in demonstrations of the combustion reaction of iron with oxygen?
To increase the surface area of the iron, making the reaction more visible.
What is the definition of combustion?
A chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of light and heat.
What is the primary function of a coefficient in a chemical equation?
To indicate the number of molecules involved in the reaction
What is the term for the process of burning iron or steel wool in oxygen?
Combustion.
What is the purpose of subscripts in a chemical formula?
To indicate the number of atoms of each element in a molecule
What is the importance of balancing chemical equations?
To ensure that the number and type of atoms are the same on both sides of the equation.
What is a balanced equation?
An equation that shows the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides
What is the purpose of chemical equations?
To represent a chemical reaction using symbols and formulae
What is the correct way to balance the equation: Mg + O₂ → MgO?
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO.
What is the difference between a word equation and a chemical equation?
A word equation uses words only, while a chemical equation uses symbols and formulae
What is the key rule to follow when balancing chemical equations?
Modify the coefficients in front of chemical formulas to balance the equation.
What is the purpose of picture equations?
To visually represent the reactants and products in a chemical reaction
What is the purpose of balancing chemical equations in chemistry?
To ensure that the law of conservation of mass is obeyed.
What is the difference between reactants and products in a chemical reaction?
Reactants are the substances that undergo change during the reaction, while products are the substances formed as a result of the reaction
What is the term for the process of making sure the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of a chemical equation?
Balancing
What is the purpose of balancing a chemical equation?
To accurately represent the conservation of mass
What is the term for the statement that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction?
Conservation of mass
What is the general chemical equation for Group 2 metals reacting with oxygen?
2M + O2 -> 2MO
What is the formula of the oxide formed when sodium reacts with oxygen?
Na2O
What is the product formed when iron reacts with oxygen in the air?
Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
What is the term for the gradual destruction of materials, usually metals, by chemical reaction with their environment?
Corrosion
What is the general word equation for the reaction between metals and oxygen?
Metal + Oxygen -> Metal oxide
What is the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and oxygen?
2Mg + O2 -> 2MgO
What is the term for materials or coatings that prevent or slow down the formation of rust?
Rust-resistant
What is the chemical equation for the reaction between iron and oxygen?
4Fe + 3O2 -> 2Fe2O3
What is the product formed when calcium reacts with oxygen?
Calcium oxide (CaO)
What is the name of the compound formed when a non-metal reacts with oxygen?
Non-metal oxide
What is the term for the flaky, crusty, reddish-brown product that forms on iron when it reacts with oxygen in the air?
Rust
What is the byproduct of the combustion reaction of carbon in air?
Carbon dioxide
What is the primary function of coal in power stations?
To generate electricity
What is the color of the flame produced when sulfur burns in oxygen?
Blue
What is the chemical equation for the reaction of carbon with oxygen?
C + O2 → CO2
What is the name of the gas produced when sulfur reacts with oxygen?
Sulfur dioxide
What is the primary product of the combustion reaction of iron?
Iron(III) oxide
Why is the combustion reaction of carbon important?
It releases energy
What is the significance of fine steel threads in the combustion reaction of iron?
Increase the surface area for the reaction
What is the importance of understanding the combustion reaction of carbon?
To appreciate its environmental impact
What is the primary function of the safety precautions during the combustion reaction of magnesium?
To prevent intense heat and light
What is the reactant in the combustion reaction of carbon?
Carbon
What is the symbolic representation of the combustion reaction of magnesium?
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
What is the macroscopic representation of the product of the combustion reaction of magnesium?
A white ash of magnesium oxide
What is the product of the combustion reaction of sulfur?
Sulfur dioxide
What is the historical significance of the combustion reaction of magnesium?
It was used to produce light in photography
What is the submicroscopic representation of the reactants of the combustion reaction of magnesium?
Mg atoms and O₂ molecules
What is the primary function of the camera flash in photography?
To produce a bright flash of light
What is the general reaction of metals with oxygen?
Combustion reaction
What is the primary function of the word equation in chemistry?
To represent a chemical reaction in words
What is the primary reactant that combines with oxygen to form rust?
Iron
Which of the following is a factor that accelerates the rusting process?
Saltwater
What is the primary purpose of applying a coating to iron or steel?
To prevent corrosion
What is the product formed when sulfur reacts with oxygen?
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
What is the term for the process of combining iron with other elements to create rust-resistant alloys?
Alloying
Which of the following is an example of a corrosive environment?
Industrial area
What is the name of the oxide formed when phosphorus reacts with oxygen?
Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)
What is the primary function of chromium in preventing rust?
It forms a protective layer that prevents oxygen from reaching the iron
What is the product formed when hydrogen reacts with oxygen?
Water (H2O)
What is the term for the type of oxide where the non-metal is combined with two oxygen atoms?
Dioxide
What is the primary problem with using paint as a barrier to prevent rust?
It can be scratched or peel off over time
What is the term for the process of coating iron or steel with a layer of zinc to prevent rusting?
Galvanization
What is the purpose of sulfur dioxide in wine production?
To preserve the quality of the wine
What is the primary consequence of rust on metal structures?
It degrades the structural integrity and appearance of the metal
What is the systematic name for water?
Dihydrogen monoxide
What is the primary reason for using materials like wood or aluminum in corrosive environments?
They do not rust
What is the term for the reaction between non-metals and oxygen?
Oxidation reaction
What is the product formed when carbon reacts with oxygen?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
What is the health risk associated with exposure to sulfur dioxide?
Respiratory problems
What is the term for the rules used to give unique names to compounds?
Systematic naming
What is a key characteristic of zinc oxide, which makes it an effective protective layer?
It is non-porous, blocking oxygen and water from reaching the iron.
What is the primary function of galvanising with zinc?
To prevent rusting of the iron.
What is the general word equation for the reaction of non-metal with oxygen?
non-metal + oxygen → non-metal oxide
What is the chemical equation for the reaction of phosphorus with oxygen?
4P + 5O2 → 2P2O5
What is the term for the chemical reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light?
Combustion
What is the primary reason why rusting is accelerated in environments that are moist or corrosive?
Because the salt in the air makes the environment more corrosive.
What is the purpose of chroming metal?
To prevent rusting of the metal.
What is the reaction between zinc and oxygen?
2Zn + O2 → 2ZnO
What is the term for the compounds formed when non-metals react with oxygen?
Non-metal oxides
What is the primary advantage of galvanising with zinc?
It provides a thick, protective layer.
What is the main difference between a molecule and a crystal lattice?
The arrangement of atoms in a specific pattern
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an element?
Has a fixed ratio of atoms
What is the term for the smallest repeating unit that represents a compound's composition in a crystal lattice?
Formula unit
What determines the unique properties of a compound?
The ratio of atoms in the compound
Which of the following compounds is an example of a diatomic molecule?
Oxygen (O₂)
What is the difference between water (H₂O) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)?
The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms
Which of the following is a characteristic of all compounds?
Has a fixed ratio of atoms
What is the primary difference between molecules and elements?
The number of kinds of atoms in the compound
What is the common characteristic of alkali metals?
They are soft and have a dull-gray appearance.
What is the product of the reaction between lithium and water?
Lithium hydroxide and hydrogen gas
What is the naming system developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) used for?
Naming compounds containing a metal and a non-metal
What is the correct name of the compound CO₂?
Carbon dioxide
What is the prefix used to indicate the number of atoms in a compound when there are different compounds with the same elements?
Mono- for 1, di- for 2, and tri- for 3
What is the correct formula for the compound dinitrogen tetroxide?
N₂O₄
What is the rule for naming compounds containing a metal and a non-metal?
The metal is named first, followed by the non-metal with the suffix '-ide'
What is the correct name of the compound FeS?
Iron sulfide
What is the element position rule for naming compounds containing only non-metals?
The element further to the left on the Periodic Table is named first
What is the correct formula for the compound sulfur trioxide?
SO₃
What is the primary function of chemical bonds in a compound?
To hold the atoms in a molecule together
What is the symbol for sodium derived from?
The Latin name of the element
What is the primary function of the subscripts in a chemical formula?
To indicate the number of each type of atom in a molecule
Where are non-metals typically found on the Periodic Table?
On the right-hand side
What is the primary function of the Periodic Table?
To organize all known elements in a systematic way
What is the name of the Russian chemist who proposed the original version of the Periodic Table?
Dmitri Mendeleev
What is the term for the unique name and chemical formula that indicates the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule?
Chemical formula
What is the primary function of the arrangement of elements on the Periodic Table?
To organize elements in order of increasing atomic number
What is the term for the horizontal rows on the Periodic Table?
Periods
What is the term for the vertical columns on the Periodic Table?
Groups
What is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulae?
Chemical equation
What is the level of representation that involves imagining or visualizing the particles that make up substances?
Submicroscopic level
What is the primary function of a coefficient in a chemical equation?
To indicate the number of molecules or atoms involved
What is the force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound?
Bond
What is the level of representation that involves observing substances and their changes with our senses?
Macroscopic level
What is the term for a representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements?
Chemical formula
What is the purpose of balancing a chemical equation?
To accurately represent the conservation of mass
What is the substance that undergoes change during a chemical reaction?
Reactant
What does the subscript '2' in H₂O indicate?
Two hydrogen atoms in each water molecule
What is the level of representation that uses chemical symbols and formulae to represent substances and their changes?
Symbolic level
What is the term for the dulling or discoloration of metal due to a chemical reaction, usually involving oxygen or sulfur?
Tarnish
What is the substance that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction?
Product
What is the purpose of a word equation?
To represent a chemical reaction using the names of the reactants and products
What is the process in which substances are transformed into different substances through the breaking and forming of bonds?
Chemical reaction
What is the term for a chemical reaction in which one or more compounds are transformed into new compounds?
Chemical reaction
What is the representation of a chemical reaction that uses diagrams or pictures to show the reactants and products?
Picture equation
What does the coefficient '2' in 2H₂ indicate?
Two molecules of hydrogen
What is the way scientists approach understanding chemical reactions?
On three distinct levels
What is the term for iron oxide, formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen?
Rust
What is the purpose of a picture equation?
To visually represent the reactants and products using submicroscopic diagrams
What is the main difference between a word equation and a chemical equation?
A word equation expresses the reactants and products in words, while a chemical equation uses symbols and formulas.
What is the general chemical equation for Group 2 metals reacting with oxygen?
2M + O2 → 2MO
What is the purpose of balancing a chemical equation?
To ensure the number of atoms for each element is equal on both sides of the equation
What is the primary reactant in the rusting process?
Iron (Fe)
Which of the following environments accelerates the rusting process?
Moist coastal climate
What is the chemical formula for iron oxide?
Fe2O3
What is the process by which iron reacts with oxygen to form rust?
Corrosion
What is the purpose of galvanizing iron or steel?
To protect the metal from rusting
What is the primary composition of rust?
Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
What is the result of rusting on metal structures?
Significantly degraded structural integrity and appearance
Which of the following is NOT a method for preventing rust?
Exposing the metal to oxygen
What is the term for the substances that start a chemical reaction?
Reactants
What is the purpose of coefficients in a chemical equation?
To balance the equation
What is the primary function of chromium in preventing rust?
To react with oxygen and form a protective layer
What is the term for the gradual destruction of materials, usually metals, by chemical reaction with their environment?
Corrosion
What is the purpose of applying a barrier in preventing rust?
To prevent oxygen from reaching the metal surface
Which of the following materials is preferred in corrosive environments due to its resistance to rust?
Aluminum
What is the primary characteristic of a balanced equation?
The number and type of atoms are the same on both the reactant and product sides of the equation.
What is the term for materials or coatings that prevent or slow down the formation of rust?
Rust-resistant
What is the product of the combustion reaction of iron with oxygen?
Iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃)
What is the result of acid exposure on the rusting process?
It accelerates the rusting process
What is the correct step to balance a chemical equation?
Change the coefficients of the reactants and products.
What is the primary purpose of protecting iron and steel from rust?
To maintain their functionality and longevity
What is the observation when magnesium ignites in air?
It produces a bright white flame.
What is the term for a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of light and heat?
Combustion
What is the purpose of fine steel threads in demonstrating the combustion reaction of iron?
To increase the surface area for the reaction.
What is the purpose of using steel wool in a demonstration of iron reacting with oxygen?
To provide a large surface area, making the combustion reaction more visible.
What is the historical use of magnesium powder in photography?
As a camera flash.
What is the result of the combustion reaction of iron with oxygen?
The release of energy in the form of light and heat.
What is the term for the network of nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses between different parts of the body?
Nervous system
What is the symbolic representation of the reaction of magnesium with oxygen?
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
What is the primary function of the combustion reaction in the demonstration of iron reacting with oxygen?
To release energy in the form of light and heat.
What is the type of reaction that occurs when magnesium burns in air?
Exothermic reaction.
What is the term for the process by which an ovary releases a mature egg?
Ovulation
What is the term for the result of the combustion reaction of magnesium with oxygen?
Magnesium oxide.
What is the primary function of the coefficients in a chemical equation?
To balance the number of atoms on both sides of the equation.
What is the purpose of the demonstration of the combustion reaction of magnesium in air?
To illustrate the concept of combustion reactions.
What is the representation of the reaction of magnesium with oxygen that shows the reactants and products as particles?
Submicroscopic representation.
What is the term for the inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys?
Glomerulonephritis
What is the term for the equation that represents a chemical reaction using words?
Word equation.
What is the primary purpose of coating iron with chromium?
To prevent rust by forming a protective layer
What is the reaction between zinc and oxygen that forms a protective layer?
2Zn + O2 → 2ZnO
What is the term for the chemical reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light?
Combustion
What is the general word equation for the reaction between a non-metal and oxygen?
non-metal + oxygen → non-metal oxide
What is the chemical equation for the reaction between carbon and oxygen?
C + O2 → CO2
What is the purpose of galvanising iron with zinc?
To prevent rust by forming a protective layer
What is the result of rusting in environments that are moist or corrosive?
Rusting is accelerated
What is the reaction between sulfur and oxygen?
S + O2 → SO2
What is the reaction between phosphorus and oxygen?
4P + 5O2 → 2P2O5
What is the purpose of coating iron with zinc through a process called galvanising?
To prevent rust by forming a protective layer
What is the primary product of the combustion reaction of carbon with oxygen?
Carbon dioxide
What is the significance of the combustion reaction of carbon in power stations?
Generating electricity
What is the toxic gas produced when sulfur burns in oxygen?
Sulfur dioxide
What is the general equation for the reaction of non-metals with oxygen?
Non-metal + oxygen → non-metal oxide
What is the importance of understanding the reaction of carbon with oxygen?
It has implications for global climate change
What is the source of energy for electricity generation in coal-powered power stations?
The combustion of carbon in oxygen
What is the result of the combustion reaction of carbon in air?
Carbon dioxide and energy are released
What is the term for the compound formed when a non-metal reacts with oxygen?
Non-metal oxide
What is the visual representation of a power station where coal is used as fuel to generate electricity?
A diagram of a coal-powered power station
What is the reactant that combines with carbon to produce carbon dioxide?
Oxygen
What is the chemical equation for the reaction of sulfur with oxygen?
S + O2 → SO2
What is the purpose of sulfur dioxide in dried fruit preservation?
To prevent bacterial growth without harming humans
What is the name of the product formed when phosphorus reacts with oxygen?
Phosphorus pentoxide
What is the systematic name of water (H2O)?
Dihydrogen monoxide
What is the primary risk associated with exposure to sulfur dioxide?
Respiratory problems and other health issues
What is the term for the compounds formed when non-metals react with oxygen?
Non-metal oxides
What is the type of oxide where the non-metal is combined with two oxygen atoms?
Dioxide
What is the systematic naming of the product formed when hydrogen reacts with oxygen?
Dihydrogen monoxide
What is the reaction between sulfur and oxygen?
Synthesis reaction
What is the term for using rules to give unique names to compounds?
Systematic naming
What is the primary reason for using systematic names in chemistry?
To ensure each compound has a unique name
What is the significance of balancing chemical equations in chemistry?
To reflect the conservation of mass
What is the primary function of indicators in chemistry?
To show whether a solution is acidic or basic
What is the correct word equation for the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide?
Nitrogen + oxygen → nitrogen dioxide
What is the correct chemical equation for the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen?
N2 + 2O2 → 2NO2
What is the term used to describe the measurement of acidity or basicity of a solution?
pH value
What is the term for the substances that show whether we have an acid or a base?
Indicators
What is the pH range of weak bases?
pH 8-10
What is the result of mixing an acid and a base?
A neutral solution is formed
What is the function of universal indicator paper?
To measure the pH of a solution
What is the term for the process by which an acid and a base react to form a neutral solution?
Neutralisation Reaction
What is the pH range of strong acids?
pH 1-3
What is the purpose of a pH scale?
To measure the acidity or basicity of a substance
What happens when an acid loses its acidity?
It becomes neutral
What is the term for the products of neutralisation?
Water and Salt
What is the pH of a neutral substance?
pH = 7
What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide?
acid + metal hydroxide → salt + water
What is the product of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide?
sodium chloride and water
What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal carbonate?
acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide
What is the product of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate?
calcium chloride and carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of the universal indicator paper in the experiment with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid?
to observe the pH changes during the reaction
What is the step in writing reaction equations that ensures the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation?
balancing the chemical equation
What is an example of a metal hydroxide?
sodium hydroxide
What is an example of a metal carbonate?
calcium carbonate
What is the gas produced in the reaction between an acid and a metal carbonate?
carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of the procedure in the investigation of the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid?
to observe the formation of bubbles
What is the general equation that represents the reaction between an acid and a base?
acid + base → salt + water
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-metal oxides?
They are acidic and form solutions with pH values below 7
What is the pH of metal compounds in water?
pH > 7
What is the result of the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide?
A salt and water are formed
What is the term for the reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide?
Acid-base reaction
What is the purpose of the universal indicator paper in the experiment?
To measure the pH of the reaction
What is the step in writing a reaction equation that involves ensuring the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation?
Balance the chemical equation
What is the characteristic of metal oxides?
They are basic and form solutions with pH values above 7
What is the general word equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide?
acid + metal oxide → salt + water
What is the term for the compounds consisting of a metal cation and hydroxide anion (OH⁻)?
Metal hydroxides
What is the primary component of shells of marine organisms, snails, pearls, oysters, and bird eggshells?
Calcium Carbonate
What is the purpose of adding lime to soil in agricultural practices?
To provide calcium for plant growth and neutralize acidic soil
What is the reaction between an acid and a metal, in general, referred to as?
Neutralization reaction
What is the product of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium, in addition to hydrogen gas?
Magnesium chloride
What is the role of a chemist in the pharmaceutical industry?
To develop new medicines and conduct research
What is the characteristic sound produced when the gas produced in the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium is exposed to a flame?
A popping sound
What is the purpose of the thistle funnel in the investigation of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium?
To collect the gas produced
What is the term for the process of adding lime to soil to increase its pH and provide calcium for plant growth?
Liming
What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal?
acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas
What is the role of a chemist in academia?
To teach and conduct research
What is the primary difference in focus between a pharmacist and a chemist?
Pharmacist focuses on the application of medications in healthcare, while a chemist focuses on the science of chemicals.
What is the primary difference in education between a pharmacist and a chemist?
Pharmacists have degrees in pharmacy and are licensed healthcare professionals, while chemists have degrees in chemistry or related fields.
What is the primary difference in workplace between a pharmacist and a chemist?
Pharmacists work in clinical and retail environments, whereas chemists work primarily in labs and research settings.
What is a key role of a pharmacist?
Dispensing medications and providing patient counseling.
Where do pharmacists typically work?
Pharmacies, hospitals, clinics, and healthcare facilities.
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