Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of butter is produced using microbes for production?
What type of butter is produced using microbes for production?
What are some of the microbes mixed with milk during cheese production?
What are some of the microbes mixed with milk during cheese production?
What enzyme is traditionally used for cheese production from cow milk?
What enzyme is traditionally used for cheese production from cow milk?
What process is carried out to remove whey and impart a dense texture to milk during cheese production?
What process is carried out to remove whey and impart a dense texture to milk during cheese production?
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What is a key reason for developing virus-resistant varieties of bacteria during industrial production of milk products?
What is a key reason for developing virus-resistant varieties of bacteria during industrial production of milk products?
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What role do essential microbes, pigments, and flavors play in the production of cheese?
What role do essential microbes, pigments, and flavors play in the production of cheese?
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What gases are released by the microbes during the decomposition of carbon compounds in sewage?
What gases are released by the microbes during the decomposition of carbon compounds in sewage?
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What is the role of phenol oxidizing bacteria in sewage treatment?
What is the role of phenol oxidizing bacteria in sewage treatment?
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Why can the sludge that settles down during sewage treatment be reused as fertilizer?
Why can the sludge that settles down during sewage treatment be reused as fertilizer?
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What is one of the ways microbes contribute to controlling pollution in air, soil, and water?
What is one of the ways microbes contribute to controlling pollution in air, soil, and water?
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Which group of bacteria play a role in converting metals like copper and zinc into compounds to prevent leaching into the environment?
Which group of bacteria play a role in converting metals like copper and zinc into compounds to prevent leaching into the environment?
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Why do dead fishes or oily water often accumulate at sea coasts?
Why do dead fishes or oily water often accumulate at sea coasts?
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What type of cheese is formed after ripening for 12 – 18 months?
What type of cheese is formed after ripening for 12 – 18 months?
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Which bacteria are commonly found in probiotic foods?
Which bacteria are commonly found in probiotic foods?
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What is the main function of probiotics in the alimentary canal?
What is the main function of probiotics in the alimentary canal?
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What is the purpose of using mutant varieties of bacteria as mentioned in the text?
What is the purpose of using mutant varieties of bacteria as mentioned in the text?
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Which of the following is NOT a form in which probiotic products are available?
Which of the following is NOT a form in which probiotic products are available?
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What happens to useful microbes due to antibiotics according to the text?
What happens to useful microbes due to antibiotics according to the text?
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What is the purpose of segregating wet and dry waste in each home?
What is the purpose of segregating wet and dry waste in each home?
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What is the most appropriate method of disposal for dry waste according to the text?
What is the most appropriate method of disposal for dry waste according to the text?
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Why are pits lined with plastic sheets when dumping compressed waste in them?
Why are pits lined with plastic sheets when dumping compressed waste in them?
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What is one advantage of compacting garbage in vans before disposal?
What is one advantage of compacting garbage in vans before disposal?
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What is done with domestic sewage in villages according to the text?
What is done with domestic sewage in villages according to the text?
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What happens after a filled pit is sealed with soil slurry at landfill sites?
What happens after a filled pit is sealed with soil slurry at landfill sites?
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What is the role of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB) in oil spills?
What is the role of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB) in oil spills?
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Which type of bacteria can decompose Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyester (PET) found in plastic bottles?
Which type of bacteria can decompose Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyester (PET) found in plastic bottles?
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How do bacteria like Actinomycetes and Streptomyces contribute to waste management?
How do bacteria like Actinomycetes and Streptomyces contribute to waste management?
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What is the source of energy for bacteria like Acidophillium spp. and Acidobacillus ferroxidens?
What is the source of energy for bacteria like Acidophillium spp. and Acidobacillus ferroxidens?
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Why are species like Acidophillium spp. and Acidobacillus ferroxidens important in controlling soil pollution?
Why are species like Acidophillium spp. and Acidobacillus ferroxidens important in controlling soil pollution?
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What is the primary product formed when hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria decompose hydrocarbons?
What is the primary product formed when hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria decompose hydrocarbons?
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Study Notes
Dairy Products
- Large-scale production of butter and cheese involves two types: sweet cream and cultured, with microbes used for the cultured variety.
- Cheese production involves:
- Milk testing and mixing with colours, microbes (Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus cremoris, and Streptococcus thermophilus), and enzymes (protease from fungi for vegetarian cheese).
- Whey removal, separation from yoghurt, and production of cheese through steps like cutting, washing, rubbing, salting, and mixing with essential microbes, pigments, and flavours.
- Pressing, cutting, and storing for ripening.
Types of Cheese
- Freshly prepared cheese is soft (e.g., cottage cheese, cream cheese, mozzarella cheese).
- Semi-hard cheddar cheese forms after 3-12 months of ripening.
- Very hard cheese (parmesan cheese) forms after 12-18 months of ripening.
Probiotics
- Probiotics are milk products containing active bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus, Acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum) that maintain the balance of intestinal microorganisms.
- Probiotics increase the population of helpful microbes, decreasing the population of harmful microbes (e.g., Clostridium).
- Probiotic products are available in various forms like yoghurt, kefir, sauerkraut, dark chocolate, miso soup, pickles, oils, corn syrup, artificial sweeteners, and microalgae.
Importance of Probiotics
- Probiotics form colonies of useful microbes in the alimentary canal, controlling other microbes and their metabolic activities.
- Probiotics improve resistance and lower the ill-effects of harmful substances formed during metabolic activities.
- Probiotics make useful microbes active again, which are inactivated by antibiotics.
Waste Management
- Methane soil processing is used to dispose of degradable waste in urban areas.
- Large pits are dug, lined with plastic sheets, and filled with compressed waste, which is covered with layers of soil, saw dust, leafy waste, and specific biochemicals.
- Microbes present in soil and other top layers decompose the waste, forming compost after a few days.
- The land filling sites can be reused after removal of compost.
Sewage Management
- In villages, domestic sewage is disposed of in nearby soil or biogas plants.
- In cities, sewage is carried to processing units, where microbes decompose the carbon compounds, releasing methane and CO2.
- Microbes also destroy pathogens of cholera, typhoid, etc.
- The sludge that settles down can be used as fertilizer, and the water released is environmentally safe.
Clean Technology
- Microbes have natural abilities to decompose man-made chemicals, including hydrocarbons and xenobiotic chemicals.
- Microbes can remove sulphur from fuels, and convert metals like copper, iron, uranium, and zinc into compounds before leaching into the environment.
- Microbes are used for bioremediation of environments polluted by sewage.
- Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB) are used to clear oil spills by decomposing hydrocarbons.
- Microbes like Vibrio, Ideonella sakaiensis can decompose PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyester), and species like Actinomycetes, Streptomyces, Nocardia, and Actinoplanes can decompose rubber from garbage.
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Description
Test your knowledge on how urban waste is disposed of in terms of tonnes, the importance of segregating wet and dry waste in each household, and the appropriate methods of disposal for dry waste. Learn about methane soil processing, gas garbage cover on sewage, and land-filling sites.
