Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following infections is primarily categorized under upper respiratory tract infections?
Which of the following infections is primarily categorized under upper respiratory tract infections?
Which of the following is a potential complication of a GABHS infection in children?
Which of the following is a potential complication of a GABHS infection in children?
Which of the following structures is involved in upper respiratory tract infections?
Which of the following structures is involved in upper respiratory tract infections?
What is the most common causative organism of acute streptococcal pharyngitis?
What is the most common causative organism of acute streptococcal pharyngitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT categorized as an acute upper respiratory tract infection?
Which of the following is NOT categorized as an acute upper respiratory tract infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the common clinical manifestations of acute streptococcal pharyngitis?
What is one of the common clinical manifestations of acute streptococcal pharyngitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which therapeutic management is most appropriate for a child diagnosed with streptococcal pharyngitis?
Which therapeutic management is most appropriate for a child diagnosed with streptococcal pharyngitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What potentially obstructive condition can enlarged tonsils cause?
What potentially obstructive condition can enlarged tonsils cause?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic tool is most commonly utilized for evaluating acute streptococcal pharyngitis?
Which diagnostic tool is most commonly utilized for evaluating acute streptococcal pharyngitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic symptom may indicate tonsillitis in children?
What characteristic symptom may indicate tonsillitis in children?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
- Infections involve: oronasopharynx, pharynx, larynx, upper trachea
- Acute Viral Nasopharyngitis: Common cold
-
Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis: Caused by Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS).
- Children with GABHS infection are at risk for acute glomerulonephritis (average of 10 days after infection) and rheumatic fever (average of 18 days after infection).
-
Tonsillitis:
- Tonsils: Masses of lymphoid tissue in pharyngeal cavity.
- Play a role in filtering and protecting respiratory tracts and antibody formation.
- Children normally have larger tonsils than adults.
-
Types of Tonsillitis:
- Bacterial
- Viral
- Influenza: Viral infection
-
Croup Syndromes: A group of illnesses marked by upper airway obstruction and barking cough.
- Acute Epiglottitis: Life-threatening infection of the epiglottis.
- Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis: Inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
- Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis: Sudden onset of barking cough and stridor (noisy breathing) at night.
- Acute Tracheitis: Rare bacterial infection of the trachea.
-
Otitis Media: Middle ear infection.
-
Acute Otitis Media (AOM): Inflammation of middle ear with rapid onset of signs and symptoms.
- Highest incidence in winter months.
- Often occurs in the first 24 months of life, but incidence decreases with age.
- Otitis Media with effusion (OME): Fluid in middle ear without symptoms of acute infection.
-
Acute Otitis Media (AOM): Inflammation of middle ear with rapid onset of signs and symptoms.
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
- Infections involve: lower trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
- Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchi.
-
Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles.
- Most commonly caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
- Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs.
-
Long-term Respiratory Dysfunctions: Persistent respiratory issues.
- Asthma: Chronic inflammatory airway disease.
- Cystic Fibrosis: Genetic disorder affecting the lungs and other organs.
Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis: Clinical Manifestations
- Headache, fever, abdominal pain
- Inflamed tonsils and pharynx
- Edema and redness of uvula
- Strawberry tongue
- Anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
- Dysphagia
- Red, sandpaper-like rash
Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis: Therapeutic Management
- Oral penicillin or amoxicillin for 10 days.
- Intramuscular (IM) benzathine penicillin G.
- Alternative antibiotics: macrolides, oral cephalosporins.
- Analgesics: acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
- Children with streptococcal infection are non-infectious to others after completing antibiotic treatment.
Tonsillitis: Clinical Manifestations
- Enlarged tonsils, may meet in the midline (kissing tonsils)
- Difficulty breathing and swallowing
- Night snoring (enlarged tonsils or adenoids)
- Bad breath (halitosis)
Tonsillitis: Therapeutic Management
- Antibiotics for 10 days if positive for GABHS.
- Tonsillectomy: surgical removal of the tonsils.
-
Indications:
- Sleep-disordered breathing
- Recurrent throat infections:
- Seven or more episodes in the preceding year.
- Five or more episodes in each of the preceding 2 years.
- Three or more episodes in each of the preceding 3 years.
-
Indications:
Postoperative Care: Tonsillectomy
- Prone or side-lying position until awake.
- Soft to liquid diet, cool water and ice collar.
- Analgesics, antipyretics, and antiemetics for pain, fever, and nausea.
- Avoid fluids with red or brown color.
- Avoid milk, ice cream, or pudding.
- Avoid coughing, clearing throat, and putting objects in mouth.
- Routine suctioning is avoided.
- Monitor for bleeding and vomiting of bright red blood (frequent swallowing).
- Resume normal activity within 1-2 weeks after surgery.
Otitis Media: Causative Pathogens
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Moraxella catarrhalis
Otitis Media: Predisposing Factors
- Viral respiratory tract infection (RSV or Influenza)
- Allergic rhinitis
- Down syndrome
- Cleft palate
- Daycare attendance
- Passive smoking
- Bottle propping during feeding
- Breast-fed infants have a lower incidence of OM compared to formula-fed infants.
Otitis Media: Clinical Manifestations
- Fever
- Irritability, holding or pulling at ears, rolling head from side to side.
- Earache (otalgia)
- Purulent discharge (otorrhea)
- Loss of appetite and refusal to feed
Otitis Media Diagnostic Evaluation
- Assessment of tympanic membrane.
- Visualization of tympanic membrane using otoscope.
Otitis Media: Therapeutic Management
- First-line antibiotics: Oral amoxicillin (5-7 days for children older than 2 years, 10 days for younger children).
- Second-line antibiotics: Amoxicillin/clavulanate, macrolides, cephalosporins.
- Supportive care: Acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain and fever.
- Myringotomy: Surgical incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure and pain.
- Tympanostomy tube: Small tubes inserted into the eardrum to drain fluid and prevent recurrent OM.
Otitis Media: Prognosis
- Most cases of AOM resolve with antibiotic treatment.
- Recurrent OM can lead to complications like hearing loss.
Key terms
- GABHS (Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus)
- Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys)
- Rheumatic fever (inflammatory disease affecting heart, joints, skin, and brain)
- Otorrhea (ear discharge)
- Otalgia (earache)
- Myringotomy (surgical incision in the eardrum)
- Tympanostomy tube (small tubes inserted into the eardrum)
- Stridor (high-pitched, noisy breathing)
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on upper respiratory tract infections, including acute viral nasopharyngitis, streptococcal pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and influenza. Understand the symptoms, risks, and types of infections that affect the oronasopharynx, pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea. This quiz is essential for anyone studying respiratory health.
