Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Overview

True (A)

<p>Paramyxoviridae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Streptococcus pyogenes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amoxicillin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Infections affecting the nose, nasal passages, sinuses, ear, and throat (pharynx and larynx).

Infections affecting the airways and lungs (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli).

A natural defense mechanism of the respiratory system that traps and removes foreign particles from inhaled air, using mucus and tiny hair-like structures (cilia).

A common viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, often caused by rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, or adenoviruses, resulting in mild symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, cough, and sneezing.

A serious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria, characterized by severe, uncontrollable coughing fits, often with a "whooping" sound upon inhalation.

A viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, often caused by parainfluenza virus, characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, inspiratory stridor, and respiratory distress.

A bacterial infection of the epiglottis, often caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) or Streptococcus pneumoniae. Symptoms include rapid onset of severe sore throat, high fever, difficulty swallowing, and drooling. Can rapidly progress to airway obstruction and respiratory failure.

Inflammation of the adenoids, often due to viral or bacterial infections, resulting in nasal congestion, mouth breathing, snoring, and chronic or recurrent ear infections.

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes (airways), often viral in origin, characterized by persistent cough, sometimes with sputum production, chest discomfort, and low-grade fever.

Caused by influenza viruses (A, B, and C), characterized by sudden onset of high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, dry cough, and sore throat. Can lead to severe complications like pneumonia.

A bacterial infection that frequently occurs after a viral upper respiratory infection or allergies, resulting in facial pain or pressure, nasal congestion, headache, and post-nasal drip.

A bacterial infection of the throat, caused by Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), marked by severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swollen tonsils with white patches. Can lead to serious complications if untreated.

A bacterial infection that can cause a variety of upper respiratory tract infections, including tonsillitis, sinusitis, and otitis media.

A bacterial infection often responsible for sinusitis and otitis media in children and adults with underlying respiratory conditions like cystic fibrosis.

A bacterial infection that causes whooping cough, characterized by severe coughing fits. Vaccination has significantly reduced incidence.

A viral infection extremely contagious spread through droplet transmission, known for causing swelling of the parotid salivary glands (causing earache, trismus). Can also affect other organs like the CNS or testes.

A serious complication of measles infection, characterized by progressive neurological damage, leading to encephalitis and death.

A specific type of influenza virus subtype, named according to its hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins. Examples include H1N1, H2N2, H3N2.

A mechanism of influenza virus evolution, where mutations occur in the viral genome, leading to small changes in the virus's proteins, resulting in an altered immune response, or less effectiveness of existing vaccines.

A mechanism of influenza virus evolution where major genetic reassortment occurs between two different influenza viruses, creating a completely new virus with different H and N proteins, potentially leading to pandemics.

A natural defense mechanism of the respiratory system that prevents and removes foreign particles from inhaled air, relying on the physical structure of the nose, such as nasal hairs and the tortuous channels.

The ability of microbes to attach to the normal mucosa of the respiratory tract, despite the mucociliary system, as a key step in the process of infection.

A group of microbes referred to as "professional invaders" that have a specific set of characteristics allowing them to infect healthy respiratory tracts, such as the ability to adhere to the mucosa, interfere with cilia, resist destruction by macrophages, and cause tissue damage.

A group of microbes classified as "secondary invaders" that infect the respiratory tract primarily when the host's defense mechanisms are impaired, often following an initial infection.

Factors produced by bacteria that contribute to their ability to cause infection, such as pili for adhesion, capsules that help evade macrophages, and toxins that damage cells.

The spread of infection through blood circulation, allowing microbes to reach various parts of the body.

Antiviral medications that block the release of new viruses from infected cells, thereby limiting the severity of influenza infection. Examples include oseltamivir and zanamivir.

A class of antiviral medications that block the function of the M2 ion channel, preventing uncoating of the influenza virus inside the host cell. Effective against influenza A only, with potential central nervous system side effects.

The process by which an organism adapts to a new environment, usually involving changes in its genetic material, leading to increased resistance to drugs or antibiotics. In the context of influenza viruses, resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors can develop.