Colds and Their Pathophysiology
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Questions and Answers

The common cold is primarily caused by bacteria.

False (B)

Symptoms of a cold usually appear 1 to 3 days after infection.

True (A)

Coughing is a predominant symptom of a cold appearing by day 2.

False (B)

The flu is caused by DNA viruses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A slight fever above 37.8°C is commonly associated with colds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Influenza symptoms often develop suddenly and are debilitating.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical assessment of a patient with a cold may show a markedly red pharynx.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Colds can only occur in the winter months.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sore throat caused by a cold typically presents with severe pain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotics can effectively treat viral infections such as colds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decongestants help relieve sinus and nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children can effectively blow their noses before the age of 4.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin C, Echinacea, and zinc are proven to help recover faster from colds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Colds can last longer than a week without indicating a more serious illness.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A low-grade fever is a common symptom associated with colds.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased humidification can help alleviate cold symptoms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phenylephrine is considered a direct-acting decongestant.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pseudoephedrine has a high oral bioavailability of approximately 85%.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mixed decongestants have both direct and indirect activity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Topical decongestants can be used continuously for more than 5 days without concern.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Xylometazoline is classified as a short-acting decongestant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decongestants are effective for treating nasal congestion associated with sinusitis without restrictions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adults should only use one drop of ephedrine in each nostril up to four times daily.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decongestants can be contraindicated in patients taking MAO inhibitors.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decongestants can worsen conditions sensitive to adrenergic stimulation, like diabetes mellitus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antihistamines are effective as solo treatments for rhinorrhea and sneezing caused by colds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clinicians should be cautious of patients buying large amounts of pseudoephedrine due to potential illegal use.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin C has consistently been shown to reduce the severity of the common cold.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Guaifenesin has been proven to be effective for treating natural colds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aspirin-containing products are safe for children with viral illnesses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Garlic has strong evidence supporting its use in preventing the common cold.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Combining decongestants with antihistamines is a common practice in over-the-counter products.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Products for nighttime use typically contain a stimulating antihistamine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxymetazoline is the preferred topical decongestant during pregnancy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The FDA recommends the use of nonprescription cold medications for children younger than 2 years.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Combination products are always safer and more effective than single ingredient medications.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Health care providers should advise parents to follow dosing instructions carefully for children's cold medications.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using handkerchiefs is recommended to limit the spread of viruses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nondrug measures can be effective in alleviating cold symptoms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive doses of analgesics are encouraged to manage cold symptoms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The optimal position for administering nasal drops is with the head tilted backward towards the ceiling.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viral infections account for between 70% and 90% of all cases of sore throat.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorhexidine is an example of an antifungal agent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lidocaine spray is licensed for individuals aged 10 and older.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most sore throats can be treated with antibacterial agents due to their bacterial origin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Benzocaine can be safely given to children as young as 3 years old in lozenge form.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gargling with aspirin has been proven to be an effective remedy for sore throat.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is recommended to use antibacterial and antifungal agents routinely for sore throats.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a cold?

A viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, commonly known as the common cold.

What parts of the respiratory system are affected by a cold?

Colds primarily affect the pharynx, nasopharynx, nose, and paranasal sinuses.

What is the most common cause of colds?

Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of colds, with over 200 viruses known to cause them.

What is the typical symptom progression of a cold?

Sore throat appears first, followed by sneezing, runny nose, and congestion. Cough may appear later, typically by day 4 or 5.

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What causes the flu?

Flu is caused by RNA viruses, with three types: A, B, and C. Types A and B are more severe and cause flu symptoms, while type C causes milder cold-like symptoms.

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What are the symptoms of the flu?

Flu symptoms include sudden onset of fever, chills, body aches, fatigue, and a non-productive cough. Flu typically lasts for a week or more.

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When are flu and colds more common?

Flu season tends to occur between December and March, while colds can happen year-round.

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How long do colds and flu last?

Colds usually resolve within a week, while flu takes longer, often lasting a week or more.

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Common Cold

A common respiratory illness caused by a virus, characterized by mild to moderate sore throat, nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing. Low-grade fever, chills, headache, and cough may also occur.

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Sore Throat

Inflammation of the pharynx, often caused by viruses, bacteria, or irritants. Symptoms include sore throat, pain when swallowing, and sometimes fever.

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Nasal Congestion

The build-up of mucus in the nasal passages, often caused by inflammation or infection. It can lead to a blocked nose and breathing difficulties.

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Rhinorrhea

A clear or white, often watery discharge from the nose, commonly associated with colds, allergies, or sinus infections.

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Sneezing

A sudden, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth, often accompanied by a characteristic sound, typically caused by irritation of the nasal mucous membranes.

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Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses, air-filled cavities in the skull that connect to the nasal passages. It can lead to headache, facial pain, pressure, and congestion.

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Decongestant

A type of medication that reduces congestion by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages. Often used for colds and allergies.

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Non-Pharmacologic Therapy

The use of therapies that do not involve medications, such as rest, fluids, humidification, and saline nasal sprays. Often used for colds.

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Direct-acting decongestants

These decongestants work directly by binding to adrenergic receptors, causing blood vessels to constrict and reduce swelling.

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Indirect-acting decongestants

These decongestants work indirectly by releasing stored norepinephrine, which then acts on adrenergic receptors.

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Mixed decongestants

These decongestants have both direct and indirect actions, combining the effects of both types.

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Systemic decongestants

These decongestants are taken by mouth and work throughout the body.

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Intranasal decongestants

These decongestants are applied directly to the nose and work locally.

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Short-acting decongestants

These decongestants provide relief for a short period of time and are usually taken multiple times a day.

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Long-acting decongestants

These decongestants provide relief for a longer period of time, allowing for less frequent dosing.

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Rhinitis medicamentosa (RM)

A condition where overuse of nasal decongestants leads to rebound congestion, making the problem worse.

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Antihistamines

A type of medication used to relieve allergy symptoms, such as sneezing and runny nose.

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Local Anesthetics (for sore throats)

Medications applied directly to the throat for temporary pain relief.

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Vitamin C (for colds)

A nutrient that has shown some limited benefit in reducing the duration of colds, but needs further research.

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Systemic Analgesics (for colds)

Medications that can alleviate pain and fever associated with colds. Examples include aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and naproxen.

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Antitussives (for colds)

Medications used to suppress coughs, but their effectiveness in treating common colds is questionable.

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Expectorants (for colds)

A type of medication that helps loosen mucus in the airways, but has limited evidence for effectiveness in treating colds.

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Garlic (for colds)

A dietary supplement that may help prevent colds, but needs more scientific support.

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What's the difference between daytime and nighttime cold medications?

Medications for nighttime use usually contain a sedating antihistamine, while daytime products do not.

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What should be considered when choosing a combination cold medication?

Combination products offer convenience but can increase the risk of taking unnecessary medication.

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How is medication use during pregnancy and breastfeeding decided?

During pregnancy and breastfeeding, medication use is assessed by balancing the potential risks to the mother and fetus against the benefits of treating symptoms.

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Which topical decongestant is preferred during pregnancy?

Oxymetazoline, a topical decongestant, is preferred during pregnancy because it is poorly absorbed after nasal administration.

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What is the FDA recommendation for nonprescription cold medications in children under 2 years?

FDA recommends against using nonprescription cold medications for children under 2 years due to lack of effectiveness and potential harm.

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What is the common clinical approach to colds in most patients?

Many clinicians advocate for nondrug therapies for most colds, as they are self-limiting and often involve bothersome, not life-threatening symptoms.

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How can overdosing of cold medication be avoided in children?

To avoid overdosing, parents should use dispensing devices and avoid combination products when giving cold medication to children.

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What are some effective nondrug measures for cold relief?

Nondrug measures can effectively relieve cold symptoms, including plenty of fluids, rest, and home remedies.

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How to administer nasal drops?

The most effective way to administer nasal drops is with the head tilted downwards, facing the floor. This positioning helps the drops reach the affected areas effectively. Tilting the head backward can lead to swallowing the drops, which can reduce their effectiveness.

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What causes most sore throats?

Sore throat is a common symptom that affects the pharynx and tonsils. While most cases are caused by viral infections, antibacterial and antifungal agents should only be used in specific cases, as they are not effective against viruses.

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How effective are antibacterial and antifungal agents for sore throats?

Antibacterial agents like chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride can help with some bacterial infections and may also inhibit Candida albicans growth. However, they are not effective against viral infections and shouldn't be the first line of treatment for most sore throats.

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What are the local anesthetics used for sore throats?

Lidocaine spray is suitable for adults and children over 12, while benzocaine can be used in lozenge and spray formulations for children as young as 3 years old. Both are safe for pregnant and breastfeeding women.

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Is gargling with aspirin or saltwater effective for sore throats?

Gargling with aspirin or saltwater is a common practice, but there is no evidence to support its effectiveness in relieving sore throats. Lozenges, on the other hand, can provide soothing relief by stimulating saliva production and lubricating the throat.

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When should you seek medical attention for a sore throat?

If a sore throat persists for more than 2 weeks despite treatment, it is recommended to seek medical advice. This could be a sign of a more serious infection or underlying condition.

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When should you seek medical attention for sinus or ear pain?

Seeking medical attention is necessary for acute sinus infections that do not respond to over-the-counter medications, middle ear pain that persists despite OTC analgesics, and symptoms suggestive of influenza.

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What circumstances necessitate a referral for respiratory issues?

Referral to a medical professional is advised when a patient's acute sinus issues resist over-the-counter medication, ear pain persists despite OTC pain relievers, or when symptoms suggest influenza.

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Study Notes

Colds

  • Colds are viral infections of the upper respiratory tract.
  • Symptoms are usually self-limiting.
  • Patients often self-medicate with nonprescription products.
  • Pathophysiology is limited to the upper respiratory tract, affecting the pharynx, nasopharynx, nose, and paranasal sinuses.
  • More than 200 viruses can cause colds, with rhinoviruses being a major cause in children and adults.

Pathophysiology of Colds

  • Primarily affects the upper respiratory tract.
  • Structures affected include the pharynx, nasopharynx, nose, and paranasal sinuses.

Clinical Presentation of Colds

  • Symptoms appear 1-3 days after infection.
  • Initial symptom is often a sore throat.
  • Followed by nasal symptoms (sneezing, discharge, congestion) by day 2 or 3.
  • Cough may appear by day 4 or 5 (less frequent symptom).
  • Physical assessment may reveal a slightly red pharynx.
  • Postnasal drainage, nasal obstruction, and mildly tender sinuses are possible.
  • Headache, low-grade fever, and general malaise may also occur.
  • Most colds resolve within 1 week.

Myths and Truths About Common Colds

  • Myth 1: Catching a cold by being in cold weather is false.
  • Myth 2: Colds lasting longer than a week are not necessarily colds.
  • Myth 3: Nonprescription medications may not accelerate recovery from colds.
  • Myth 4: Vitamin C, echinacea, and zinc may not accelerate recovery from colds.
  • Myth 5: Antibiotics don't help with viral infections.
  • Myth 6: There's no way to prevent colds is false.

Treatment of Colds

  • The goal of treatment is to prevent transmission of cold viruses and reduce bothersome symptoms.
  • Antibiotics are ineffective due to the viral nature of the infection.
  • Non-pharmacological therapy includes increased fluid intake, adequate rest, nutritious diet, and increased humidification (steamy showers, humidifiers, vaporizers). Saline nasal sprays can ease congestion.

Local Anesthetics

  • Products containing local anesthetics are available for temporary sore throat relief.
  • Some contain antiseptics, menthol, or camphor.
  • Local antiseptics are ineffective against viral infections.

Systemic Analgesics

  • Aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen are effective for treating aches and fever.
  • Aspirin should not be used in children with viral illnesses due to the risk of Reye's syndrome.

Antihistamines

  • Monotherapy with nonprescription antihistamines is not effective in reducing symptoms of colds.
  • However, a combination of first-generation antihistamines and decongestants may show benefit in adults.

Zinc Lozenges

  • Doses above 75mg per day of acetate salts may decrease cold duration.

Combination Products

  • Often include decongestants, antihistamines, analgesics, expectorants, and antitussives

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

  • Drug use during pregnancy and lactation needs careful consideration and balance between risk and benefit.
  • Oxymetazoline is a preferred topical decongestant during pregnancy.

Children

  • FDA does not recommend nonprescription cold medications for children under 2 years old due to risks.

Patient Counseling

  • Non-drug measures may alleviate cold symptoms.
  • Explain appropriate non-drug measures for specific symptoms.
  • Explain potential side effects, drug interactions, and precautions.
  • Explain when medical care is warranted.
  • Recommend using disposable tissues instead of handkerchiefs.

Referral

  • Reasons for referral include duration of symptoms longer than two weeks, severe symptoms, complications, and conditions affecting the immune system.

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Colds PDF - Fall 2022

Description

This quiz covers the essentials of colds, focusing on viral infections of the upper respiratory tract. Learn about their symptoms, clinical presentation, and pathophysiology, which primarily affects the pharynx, nasopharynx, nose, and paranasal sinuses. Test your understanding of how more than 200 viruses, particularly rhinoviruses, can cause these common infections.

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