Respiratory System Quiz (BMS Learning Outcomes)

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?

  • To regulate body temperature
  • To warm or cool air before it enters the respiratory system (correct)
  • To house the vocal folds
  • To exclusively filter out large particles

Which part of the pharynx is responsible for providing a drainage path for lymphatic fluids?

  • Nasopharynx (correct)
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Glottis
  • Oropharynx

What crucial role does the oropharynx play in the body?

  • It allows for the production of sound
  • It prevents food or liquids from entering the lungs (correct)
  • It connects to the Eustachian tubes
  • It filters air before it enters the nasal cavity

Which type of epithelium lines the laryngopharynx?

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is housed within the larynx that enables speech?

<p>Vocal folds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure prevents food from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?

<p>Larynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

<p>The palate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage makes up the thyroid cartilage of the larynx?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nasal cavity contribute to the sense of taste?

<p>Through posterior communication with the mouth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory system?

<p>Esophagus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the bronchioles?

<p>They transport air to alveoli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures does NOT contribute to the process of gas exchange in the lungs?

<p>Bronchi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes does the left lung have?

<p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During inhalation, what happens to the diaphragm?

<p>It relaxes and moves downward. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily composes the pleural cavity?

<p>Fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the accessory muscles of respiration play?

<p>They elevate the rib cage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bronchus serves the right lung?

<p>Primary bronchus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intercostal muscles?

<p>Aid in the process of breathing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during exhalation?

<p>Lung volume reduces to force air out. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of alveoli?

<p>They allow for gas exchange with thin walls. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nasal Cavity Function

The nasal cavity is the route for air entry into the respiratory system. It is divided by the nasal septum and the palate separates it from the oral cavity. It warms and cools air to body temperature and houses our sense of smell.

What is the pharynx?

The pharynx is a passageway for air and food. It has three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Nasopharynx Function

The nasopharynx connects the nose to the mouth, allowing breathing. It contains adenoid tissue for infection fighting and openings for Eustachian tubes leading to the ears.

Oropharynx Function

The oropharynx receives air from the nasopharynx and passes it to the larynx. It also receives food from the mouth and passes it to the esophagus.

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Laryngopharynx Function

The laryngopharynx is lined with stratified squamous epithelium and works as a passage for both food and air. During swallowing, it temporarily closes to prevent food from entering the trachea.

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Larynx Function

The larynx is the body's "voice box". It allows air to pass through while preventing food and drink from entering the airway. It contains vocal folds that produce sound.

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Thyroid Cartilage

The thyroid cartilage, also known as the Adam's apple, is made of hyaline cartilage.

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Cricoid Cartilage

The cricoid cartilage is a ring-shaped cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx. It's also made of hyaline cartilage.

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Epiglottis Function

The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway.

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What is the epiglottis?

A flap of elastic cartilage located at the top of the trachea, preventing food from entering the airway during swallowing.

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What is the trachea?

The windpipe, a tube made of cartilage and smooth muscle, that carries air from the larynx to the lungs.

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What are bronchi?

The main branches of the trachea that lead to the lungs, further branching into smaller bronchioles.

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What are bronchioles?

The smallest airways in the lungs, containing smooth muscle and made of a single layer of epithelial cells; these are responsible for delivering air to the alveoli.

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What are alveoli?

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

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How many lobes does each lung have?

The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior), while the left lung has two lobes (superior, inferior) to accommodate the heart.

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What is the pleural cavity?

The fluid-filled space between the two layers of pleura, lubricating the lungs and allowing them to move smoothly.

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What are intercostal muscles?

Muscles between the ribs that assist in breathing by expanding and contracting the chest cavity.

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What happens during inhalation?

The process of breathing in, characterized by the diaphragm contracting, the lungs expanding, and negative pressure drawing air into the lungs.

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What happens during exhalation?

The process of breathing out, characterized by the diaphragm relaxing, the chest cavity contracting, and positive pressure forcing air out of the lungs.

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Study Notes

Upper Respiratory System

  • Nasal Cavity: Air entry point; divided by nasal septum (cartilage); lined with mucus-secreting cells for warming and filtering air; houses olfactory nerve for smell; contributes to taste.
  • Pharynx (Throat): Routes food to esophagus and air to trachea; warms, moistens, and filters air; divided into three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
  • Nasopharynx: Connects nose to mouth; contains adenoids and Eustachian tube openings; lymphatic drainage.
  • Oropharynx: Receives air from nasopharynx, food from mouth; crucial for preventing food/liquid from entering lungs.
  • Laryngopharynx: Passage for air and food; stratified squamous epithelium lining; during swallowing air passage temporarily blocks to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract.

Larynx (Voice Box)

  • Function: Allows air passage while preventing food/drink blockage; houses vocal folds for speech and singing.
  • Structure: Composed of thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple), cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis (elastic cartilage).

Lower Respiratory System

  • Trachea (Windpipe): Conducts air to lungs; composed of C-shaped cartilage rings supporting its structure.
  • Bronchi: Branches of trachea; conduct air into lungs; progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle as they branch.
  • Bronchioles: Smallest branches of bronchi; no cartilage; smooth muscle dominates; deliver air to alveoli; three types exist (lobular, terminal, respiratory).
  • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs; single-celled walls for rapid O2 and CO2 diffusion; surrounded by a dense capillary network.

Lungs

  • Lobes: Right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior); left lung has 2 lobes (superior, inferior).
  • Bronchopulmonary segments: Divisions within each lobe; each segment receives air from a tertiary bronchus.
  • Pulmonary lobules: Divisions of each lung.
  • Interlobular septa: Connective tissue walls separating pulmonary lobules.
  • Pleura: Double-layered membrane surrounding lungs; pleural cavity filled with fluid reducing friction during breathing. Outer layer (parietal) lines chest wall; inner layer (visceral) covers lungs and related structures; potential space between layers (serous film).

Respiration Mechanics

  • Ribs and Intercostal Muscles: Assist in breathing; external, internal, and innermost layers; innervated by intercostal nerves. 12 thoracic vertebrae & 24 ribs + sternum.
  • Accessory muscles of respiration: Muscles that assist in respiration – sternocleidomastoid, scalene.
  • Diaphragm: Dome-shaped muscle; contracts for inhalation (expanding chest cavity). Relaxes for exhalation.
  • Gaseous exchange: The movement of oxygen into the blood, and carbon dioxide out of the blood occurs in the alveoli; oxygenated blood travels to body tissues through pulmonary veins.

Pulmonary Circulation (blood circulation in the lungs):

  • Deoxygenated blood from the heart enters the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.
  • Blood travels through a capillary net, exchanging gases with alveoli (O2 into blood, CO2 out of blood).
  • Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via pulmonary veins.

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